"Assessment Of The Effects Of Varying Concentrations Of Malachite Green On The Diversity And Abundance Of Soil Mycobiota"
Abstract
A major cause of pollution on land and in waterways is the widespread use of artificial and natural dyes in many industrial sectors, such as textiles, plastics, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. A significant amount of the 700,000 metric tonnes of dyes produced globally each year are used in India. Because of their inherent toxicity and resistance to standard wastewater treatment methods, water-soluble acid and reactive dyes—including cationic and some non-ionic variants—pose a serious risk to the environment and public health. Malachite green (MG), a widely utilized dye, exhibits exceptional persistence in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, necessitating robust treatment methodologies for effluents laden with dyes. This study aims to isolate fungal species from soil contaminated with MG and evaluate their bioremediation potential. Soil samples were collected from sites with known dye contamination, including areas adjacent to a paper mill and a riverbank affected by industrial effluents. The collected soils were treated with MG at 100 ppm, 200 ppm, and 300 ppm concentrations, over 90 days. Fungal populations were assessed using the dilution plate method at intervals of 30 days, 60 days, and 90 days. A total of 25 fungal species were isolated, including Rhizopus oryzae, Mucor rouxii, Cunninghamella echinulata, Emericella nidulans, and Chaetomium flavum. The majority of the isolated fungi were classified within the Deuteromycetes, specifically in the Hyphomycetes group. Initial exposure to MG resulted in a significant reduction in fungal populations; however, prolonged exposure led to increased fungal counts in soils treated with 200 ppm and 300 ppm MG compared to controls. This observation suggests that certain fungal species may develop tolerance to MG, potentially through adaptive mutations, enhancing their survival in contaminated environments. Notably, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus niger exhibited substantial resistance to MG. The findings indicate that the fungal strains isolated in this study possess promising potential for bioremediation strategies aimed at mitigating dye pollution. The persistence and adaptive resilience of these fungi underscore their capacity to alleviate the impact of environmental contaminants. Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying fungal resistance and dye degradation, which will advance the development of efficient and sustainable effluent treatment technologie
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