Harmonic Sources in Power System-A Review
Abstract
Power utility companies worldwide prioritize maintaining power supply quality, with harmonic distortion being a key issue. Harmonic distortion arises from non-linear customer loads, background harmonics from utilities, and renewable energy sources. These distortions create current and voltage waveforms containing frequency components, known as power system harmonics, which are multiples of the fundamental frequency (50 or 60 Hz). These harmonics can degrade power quality, leading to insulation failures, overheating, increased costs, signal interference, and equipment stress. The growing use of power electronic devices, such as rectifiers, inverters, and cyclo-converters in battery charging systems, renewable energy, and electronics, contributes to harmonic generation. Moreover, electric furnaces, light emitting diode lights, electric vehicles, transformers, and variable frequency drives are major harmonic sources. These distortions impact the performance of the grid and plant distribution networks, making their study crucial. This article offers an in-depth analysis of various harmonic-producing sources.References
Ahmed I, Shames MZ, Alam MM. An overview of harmonic sources in power system. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. 2013 Sep;7(3):01-3.
Sinvula R, Abo-Al-Ez KM, Kahn MT. Harmonic source detection methods: A systematic literature review. IEEE Access. 2019 Jun 5;7:74283-99.
Saleh SA, Zundel EW, Young-Morris G, Jewett D, Brown S, Hill EF, Meng J. Investigating harmonic distortion in power transformers due to geomagnetically induced current flows. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2023 Jun 20;59(5):5432-42.
Singh GK. Power system harmonics research: a survey. European Transactions on Electrical Power. 2009 Mar;19(2):151-72.
Said DM, Nor KM. Effects of harmonics on distribution transformers. In2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference 2008 Dec 14 (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
Zhang L, Liang D, Liu H, Liu Y, Li D, Yang C. Fuzzy logic-based management of hybrid distribution transformers using LoRa technology. CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems. 2021 Jun 25;9(3):1129-38.doi: 10.17775/CSEEJPES.2020.06440.
Daniel K, Kütt L, Iqbal MN, Shabbir N, Parker M, Jarkovoi M. Waveform Variation Defined Model for Harmonic Current Emissions Including Cross-Order Supply Voltage Harmonics Influence. IEEE Access. 2023 Apr 26;11:42276-89. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3270805.
Iqbal MN, Kütt L, Asad B, Vaimann T, Rassõlkin A, Demidova GL. Time dependency of current harmonics for switch-mode power supplies. Applied Sciences. 2020 Nov 4;10(21):7806. doi: 10.3390/app10217806.
Kumar M, Uqaili MA, Memon ZA, Das B. Experimental Harmonics Analysis of UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply) System and Mitigation Using Single‐Phase Half‐Bridge HAPF (Hybrid Active Power Filter) Based on Novel Fuzzy Logic Current Controller (FLCC) for Reference Current Extraction (RCE). Advances in Fuzzy Systems. 2022;2022(1):5466268.
Su GJ, Adams DJ, Tolbert LM. Comparative study of power factor correction converters for single phase half-bridge inverters. In2001 IEEE 32nd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No. 01CH37230) 2001 Jun 17 (Vol. 2, pp. 995-1000). IEEE.doi: 10.1109/PESC.2001.954249.
Li G, Wu Z, Cao D, Li J. Random pwm selective harmonic elimination method with master-slave mode for seven-level mpuc inverter. CPSS Transactions on Power Electronics and Applications. 2023 Mar;8(1):87-96,doi: 10.24295/cpsstpea.2023.00009.
Pan S, Yang K, Wu M, Li X, Wang J, Li YW, Yu W. Switching frequency minimized harmonic mitigation: A multiobjective optimized modulation strategy for high-power converters. IEEE transactions on power electronics. 2023 Jun 20;38(9):11080-90, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2023.3287482.
Pannawan A, Kaewchum T, Somkun S, Hinkkanen M. Fast bus voltage control of single-phase grid-connected converter with unified harmonic mitigation. IEEE Access. 2023 Jan 16;11:6452-66.doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3237034.
Amjad AM, Mehran K, Gadoue S. A Complete Online Solution of Harmonic Elimination PWM Method Using Modified-Equilibrium Optimizer-Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm. IEEE Access. 2023 May 9;11:47362-76,doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3274607.
Ghosh R, Narayanan G. A simple analog controller for single-phase half-bridge rectifier. IEEE transactions on power electronics. 2007 Jan 8;22(1):186-98, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2006.886621.
Bimbhra PS, Kaur S. Power electronics. Delhi, India: Khanna publishers; 2012 Jun. .
Faruk MU, Mishra MK, Pahi I, Tripathy P. Simulation of Cycloconverter Fed Split Phase Induction Motor, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 85–90, 2017.
Revankar GN, Nallathambi K. Three-Phase Half Wave Cycloconvertor. IETE Journal of Research. 1972 Feb vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 79–85, 1972, doi: 10.1080/03772063.1972.11486906.
Mirajkar IN, Dharaskar R, Kolhe P. To perform Electrical Harmonic Analysis in Industry. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Engineering Research (IJETER) Volume.;5.
Madhubabu T, Anireddy A, Sahithi N, Suman KS, Vikas S, Chenchireddy K. Reduction of Harmonics to Improve Power Quality in Distribution Lines using a Series Active Power Filter. In2023 7th International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI) 2023 Apr 11 (pp. 123-128). IEEE, doi: 10.1109/ICOEI56765.2023.10126006.
Hassan W, Akmal M, Hussain GA, Raza A, Shafiq M. Close accord on partial discharge diagnosis during voltage harmonics in electric motors fed by variable frequency drives. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution. 2024 Feb;18(3):506-16.
Hu M, Hua W, Cheng C, Wang Y, Lu C. Discrete-time frequency-domain disturbance observer to mitigate harmonic current in PMSM drives and the implementation with reduced delay. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2023 May 1;38(8):9482-93, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2023.3271651.
Mohan K, Kumar S. ANALYSIS OF HARMONIC GENERATION OF SVC IN VFD LOAD SYSTEM.vol. 2024, no. 2454, pp. 36–42, 2024.
Al-Subhi A. Accurate mathematical modeling of electronic load harmonics using machine learning software. Yanbu Journal of Engineering and Science. 2023 May 14;20(1):1-0,doi: 10.53370/001c.75382.
Mohamed SE, Mohamed AY. Study of load side harmonics sources effects and elimination. InZaytoonah University International Engineering Conference on Design and Innovation in Infrastructure 2012 (ZEC Infrastructure 2012) 2012 (pp. 18-20).
Uddin S, Shareef H, Mohamed A, Hannan MA. An analysis of harmonics from LED lamps. In2012 Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility 2012 May 21 (pp. 837-840). IEEE,doi: 10.1109/APEMC.2012.6238014.
Rata G, Rata M. The study of harmonics from dimmable LED lamps, using CompactRIO. In2016 International Conference on Development and Application Systems (DAS) 2016 May 19 (pp. 180-183). IEEE,doi: 10.1109/DAAS.2016.7492570.
Gyaang R, Appiah P. Harmonic injection of domestic nonlinear loads in Ghana's power distribution system: analysis and mitigation using a low-cost notch filter. Journal of the Ghana Institution of Engineering (JGhIE). 2023 Jun 2;23(2):25-33,doi: 10.56049/jghie.v23i2.81.
Wakileh GJ. Harmonics in rotating machines. Electric Power Systems Research. 2003 Jul 1;66(1):31-7,doi: 10.1016/S0378-7796(03)00069-5.
Rodríguez-Pajarón P, Hernández A, Mendonça H, Milanović JV. Residential harmonic injection models based on field measurements. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2022 Aug 2;38(1):575-87, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2022.3195962.
Jiang K, Hu P, Cao K, Liu D, Ye C. Small-signal modeling and interaction analysis of LCC-HVDC systems based on harmonic state space theory. IEEE Access. 2022 Oct 10;10:109937-48,doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3213709.
Sharma S, Verma V, Tariq M, Urooj S. Reduced sensor-based harmonic resonance detection and its compensation in power distribution system with SAPF. IEEE Access. 2022 May 18;10:59942-58, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3176366.
Letha SS, Bollen MH, Busatto T, Espin Delgado A, Mulenga E, Bakhtiari H, Sutaria J, Ahmed KM, Nakhodchi N, Sakar S, Ravindran V. Power quality issues of electro-mobility on distribution network—An overview. Energies. 2023 Jun 21;16(13):4850,doi: 10.3390/en16134850.
Harmonics PS. Power system harmonics: an overview. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. 1983 Aug(8):2455-60, doi: 10.1109/MPER.1983.5518857.
Durdhavale SR, Ahire DD. A review of harmonics detection and measurement in power system. International Journal of Computer Applications. 2016 Jun;143(10):42-5, doi: 10.5120/ijca2016910394.
Mohiuddin M, Maricar N, Kadir KA, Roslan NF, Islam M, Khan S, Aboadla EH. Mitigation of Harmonics Using Novel Sector-Based Switching Pattern Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation. IEEE Access. 2023 May 19;11:51465-79,doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3278050.
Antunes F, Xavier LS, Cupertino AF, Felix LB, Pereira HA. Comparison of harmonic detection methods applied in a photovoltaic inverter during harmonic current compensation. In2017 Brazilian Power Electronics Conference (COBEP) 2017 Nov 19 (pp. 1-6). IEEE,doi: 10.1109/COBEP.2017.8257375.
Khan N, Abas N. Comparative study of energy saving light sources. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. 2011 Jan 1;15(1):296-309, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.072.