The Domino Effect: Air Pollution And Human Health In Iraq, Sources And Effects.
Keywords:
Air pollution, Health complications, respiratory complications, cardiovascular complications, aromatic hydrocarbons, ozone, heavy metals
Abstract
This investigation focuses on clarifying air pollution in the diverse regions of Iraq giving a strong attention towards the gaseous emissions of many types which are released into the atmosphere. Outstanding gases which have been noted carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide gases, ozone and Sulphur oxide gases. In addition to that, there are also suspended particles, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This investigation reveals that the critical sources of these pollutants comprise of the oil industry, vehicles, fossil fuel combustion dust storms and the brick and cement production industry. The volumes of these emissions are currently exceeding the International Standard Criteria and the effects has been exhibited on human health where the population is developing respiratory and cardiovascular complications due to these gases. The implications of air pollution are felt by public health and there is need to explore the relationship between socio-economic factors with air pollution rate. This is very critical when the goal is to reduce the rate of pollution in Iraq. Gaseous chemicals recorded to be noxious have been noted to affect the health of humans and the chemicals include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and carbon monoxide. Making use of quantitative analysis results show that carbon monoxide, lead and particulate matter are high in cities like Basra, Al-Najaf and Basra, respectively. The highest level of copper has been detected in Duhok with 2710ppm in 2020 and Lead has a concentration of 95.21 ug/m3 in 2017 in Basra. In addition to that carbon monoxide has been staged at 9.127ppm in Karbala whilst particulate matter in Al-Najaf is staged at 9480.17Ug/m3 in 2015. There is also need to apply the right interventions for the purpose of mitigating the impacts of air pollution. In a nutshell, the focus of this analogy is exposing the nexus between air pollution and health-care in Iraq. Simultaneously, there is need for concerted efforts from all stakeholders to manage the pollutants in the atmosphere.
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[39] Ismael, G. Y. (2021). The mediation effect of organizational culture between knowledge management processes and creative thinking: A case of Covid 19 healthcare workers in northern Iraq. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 30(1), 658.
[2] Saghatelyan A., Sahakyan L., Belyaeva O., Tepanosyan G., Maghakyan N. and Kafyan M. (2013). Dust and stream of heavy metals in the atmosphere of the city of Yerevan. Electronic J. of Natural Sci., 1(20): 38-40.
[3] Rakib M.A., Ali, M., Akter, M.S. and Mohammad, A.H. Bhuiyan (2014). Assessment of Heavy Metal (Pb, Zn, Cr and Cu) Content in Roadside Dust of Dhaka Metropolitan City, Bangladesh. Int. Res. J. Environ. Sci., 3(1):1-5.
[4] Alghamdi M. A. (2016). Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Airborne PM10 from a Residential Area of Northern Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 25(3): 939-949.
[5] Nevers N. (2000). Air pollution control engineering. 2nd ed. McGraw – Hill, USA.
[6] Pan Y. and Wang Y. (2015). Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of trace elements at 10 sites in Northern China. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15: 951-972.
[7] US EPA (1991). Risk Assessment Guidance For Superfund, Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual Supplemental Guidance "Standard Default Exposure Factors” Interim Final. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, D.C.
[8] Chantara S. and Sangchan W. (2009). Sensitive analytical method for particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A case study in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Sci. Asia 35: 42-48.
[9] Dey, S., Gupta, S. and Mahanty U. (2014). Study of particulate matters, heavy metals and gaseous pollutants at Gopalpur (23°29ʹ52.67ʺ N, 87°23ʹ46.08ʺE), a tropical industrial site in eastern India. IOSR J. of Environ. Sci., Toxico. And Food Tech., 8(2):1-13.
[10] Pepper I., Gerba C. and Brusseau M. (2006). Environmental and Pollution Science. 2nd ed. Elsevier, USA.
[11] Zheng X, Zhao W., Yan X., Shu T., Xiong Q. and Chen F. (2015). Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Airborne Heavy Metals Collected from Beijing Bus Stations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health,12: 9658-9671.
[12] Sardar K., Ali S., Hameed S., Afzal S., Fatima S., Shakoor M., Bharwana S. and Tauqeer H. (2013). Heavy Metals Contamination and what are the Impacts on Living Organisms. Greener J. of Environ. Manag. and Public Safety, 2 (4):172-179.
[13] Al-Kasser M. (2018). Evaluation The Level of Some Toxic Pollutants in Atmospheric Total Suspended Particles in Al-Diwaniya City – Iraq. Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Science, Al-Qadisiyah University.
[14] Suryati I., Khair H., and Gusrianti D. (2019). Distribution analysis of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) in Medan city with Geographic Information System (GIS). MATEC Web of Conferences 276, 0 6013. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf /20192760 6013.
[15] Kampa, M. and Castanas, E. (2008). Human health effects of air pollution, Environ. Pollut., (151):362–367.
[16] Bahino J., Yoboue V., Galy-Lacaux C., Adon M., Akpo A., Keita S., Liousse C., Gardrat E., Chiron C., Ossohou M., Gnamien S., and Djossou J. (2018). A pilot study of gaseous pollutants’ measurement (NO2, SO2, NH3, HNO3 and O3) in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: contribution to an overview of gaseous pollution in African cities. Atmos. Chem. Phys., (18): 5173–5198.
[17] Abdullah, H. O., Abdulhamza, S. A., & Al-Attabi, Z. H. (2019). Agricultural Residues Management and Their Impact on Air Quality and Climate Change. In Sustainable Environmental Management: Principles.
[18] Al-Ansari, N., Al-Meshan, W., & Knutsson, S. (2020). Industrial Air Pollution in Basra, Iraq. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, 10(3), 49-59.
[19] Kadhim, H. K., Salman, R. A., & Al-Dulaimi, A. J. (2021). Impact of Air Pollution on Respiratory Diseases in Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Science, 62(1A), 273-281.
[20] Hashim, D., Jawad, H., & Adnan, H. (2018). Socio-Economic Factors and Environmental Justice in Iraq: The Case of Air Pollution in Baghdad. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 61(5), 887-903.
[21] WHO, (2000). Air Quality Guidelines for Europe. 2nd ed. WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 91.
[22] Chaichan M., Kazem H., and Abed T. (2016). Traffic and outdoor air pollution levels near highways in Baghdad, Iraq. Environ Dev Sustain. DOI 10.1007/s10668-016- 9900.
[23] Al-Anbari R., Mohammed Z., Ismail M, and Resheq A. (2018). Assessment of air quality for Kerbala city using field survey. MATEC Web of Conferences 162, 05015.
[24] Ali S. (2019). Study the environmental effects of private electrical generators for some locations in Kirkuk city. Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences, 6 (1):135- 145.
[25] Mahdi B., Yousif K., and Dosky L. (2020). INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS ON AIR QUALITY AND OTHER POLLUTANTS IN DUHOK CITY, IRAQ. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 51(4):1160-1172.
[26] Chuesaard T., Chetiyanukornkul T., KamedaT., Hayakawa K. and Toriba A. (2014). Influence of Biomass Burning on the Levels of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Nitro Derivatives in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Aerosol and Air Quality Res., 14: 1247-1257.
[27] Alves C. A. (2008). Characterisation of solvent extractable organic constituents in atmospheric particulate matter: an overview. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc., 80(1): 21-82.
[28] Kumar A. U. (2008). Characterisation of soluble components and PAH in PM10 atmospheric particulate matter in Brisbane. Master Thesis. Faculty of Science. Queensland University.
[29] Krzeminska-Flowers M., Bem H. and Gorecka H. (2006). Trace Metals Concentration in Size-Fractioned Urban Air Particulate Matter in Lodz, Poland. I. Seasonal and Site Fluctuations. Polish J. of Environ. Stud., 15(5): 759-767.
[30] Lippmann M. (2009). Environmental toxicants: human exposures and their health effects. 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New Jersey, USA.
[31] Mutlag N., Al Duhaidahawi F., Jawad H., Hassan W., and Ali E. (2020). Evaluating the Effect of Dust at Al Kufa Cement Plant on humans Health, Plants and Microorganisms in South of Al –Najaf Al-Alshraf . Ann Trop Med & Public Health; 23(S13B): SP231358. DOI: http://doi.org/10.36295/ASRO.2020.231358.
[32] Dinis M. And Fiuza A. (2011). Exposure assessment to heavy metals in the environment: measures to eliminate or reduce the exposure to critical receptors. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environ. Security, 1:27-50.
[33] WHO (2006). Health risks of particulate matter from long-range transboundary airpollution. European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn Office.
[34] Jeje J. and Oladepo K. (2014). Assessment of Heavy Metals of Boreholes and Hand Dug Wells in Ife North Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. Int. J. of Sci. and Tech. 3(4):209-214.
[35] Wan D., Han Z., Yang J., Yang G. and Liu X. (2016). Heavy Metal Pollution in Settled Dust Associated with Different Urban Functional Areas in a Heavily Air- Polluted City in North China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13:1-13.
[36] Saghatelyan A., Sahakyan L., Belyaeva O., Tepanosyan G., Maghakyan N. and Kafyan M. (2013). Dust and stream of heavy metals in the atmosphere of the city of Yerevan. Electronic J. of Natural Sci., 1(20): 38-40.
[37] Valavanidis A., Fiotakis K. and Vlachogianni T. (2008). Airborne Particulate Matter and Human Health: Toxicological Assessment and Importance of Size and Composition of Particles for Oxidative Damage and Carcinogenic Mechanisms. J. of Environ. Scien. and Health Part C, 26:339-362.
[38] Mutlag N., Al Duhaidahawi F., Jawad H., Hassan W., and Ali E. (2020). Evaluating the Effect of Dust at Al Kufa Cement Plant on humans Health, Plants and Microorganisms in South of Al –Najaf Al-Alshraf . Ann Trop Med & Public Health; 23(S13B): SP231358.
[39] Ismael, G. Y. (2021). The mediation effect of organizational culture between knowledge management processes and creative thinking: A case of Covid 19 healthcare workers in northern Iraq. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 30(1), 658.
Published
2024-01-30
How to Cite
Sanarya Burhan Ahmed. (2024). The Domino Effect: Air Pollution And Human Health In Iraq, Sources And Effects. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(1), 717-725. Retrieved from https://www.veterinaria.org/index.php/REDVET/article/view/687
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