Evaluation of the Antimicrobial activity of Naringenin based Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Dental Pathogens
Keywords:
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Naringenin based zinc oxide nanoparticles particles against dental pathogens Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis.
BACKGROUND: The invention of new medications has also introduced new emerging multi drug resistant microorganisms. The Nanoparticles have demonstrated a promising antibacterial activity against a variety of multi-drug resistant bacteria. It has reduced the dose requirement of the drug but also improved the bioavailability. Naringenin is a flavonoid found in citrus fruits, tomatoes and figs. It has proven potential as anti-cancer, antiviral, antibacterial, and cardio protective effects. Therefore the antimicrobial activity of combination of the Naringenin with zinc oxide based nanoparticles was thus evaluated against oral microbes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesised by utilising zinc acetate dihydrate and NaOH as precursors using direct precipitation method followed by SEM. DPPH assay to evaluate radical scavenging activity of antioxidants. ABTS assay was performed to measure the interaction between an antioxidant and the pre-generated ABTS•+ radical cation. Zone of Inhibition test used to determine the susceptibility or resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibacterial agents. Results were evaluated.
RESULTS: The increase in the antioxidant activity was observed by DPPH assay and ABTS inhibition when Naringenin with zinc oxide nanoparticles together were conjugated than Naringenin and Ascorbic acid alone.
CONCLUSION: When Nirangenin was conjugated with Zinc oxide particles, it showed better antioxidant properties and there was a high zone of inhibition when compared to amoxicillin and Naringenin separately. Thus we can conclude that Naringenin conjugated with Zinc oxide nanoparticles showed better antimicrobial activity against dental pathogens like Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis.
References
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15. Rams TE, Feik D, Mortensen JE, Degener JE, van Winkelhoff AJ. Antibiotic susceptibility of periodontal Enterococcus faecalis. J Periodontol [Internet]. 2013 Jul;84(7):1026–33. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.2012.120050
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17. Al-Ahmad A, Müller N, Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad M, Sava I, Hübner J, Follo M, et al. Endodontic and salivary isolates of Enterococcus faecalis integrate into biofilm from human salivary bacteria cultivated in vitro. J Endod [Internet]. 2009 Jul;35(7):986–91. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2009.04.013
18. Patel M. Oral Cavity and : Colonisation to the Development of Infection. Pathogens [Internet]. 2022 Mar 10;11(3). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030335
19. Fraser VJ, Jones M, Dunkel J, Storfer S, Medoff G, Dunagan WC. Candidemia in a tertiary care hospital: epidemiology, risk factors, and predictors of mortality. Clin Infect Dis [Internet]. 1992 Sep;15(3):414–21. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clind/15.3.414
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21. Maslamani M, Sedeqi F. Antibiotic and Analgesic Prescription Patterns among Dentists or Management of Dental Pain and Infection during Endodontic Treatment. Med Princ Pract [Internet]. 2018;27(1):66–72. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000486416
22. Chunduri NS, Madasu K, Goteki VR, Karpe T, Reddy H. Evaluation of bacterial spectrum of orofacial infections and their antibiotic susceptibility. Ann Maxillofac Surg [Internet]. 2012 Jan;2(1):46–50. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2231-0746.95318
23. Wang L, Hu C, Shao L. The antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles: present situation and prospects for the future. Int J Nanomedicine [Internet]. 2017 Feb 14;12:1227–49. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S121956
24. Kesharwani P, Gupta U. Nanotechnology-Based Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Brain Tumors [Internet]. Academic Press; 2018. 478 p. Available from: https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=aplXDwAAQBAJ
25. Huh AJ, Kwon YJ. “Nanoantibiotics”: a new paradigm for treating infectious diseases using nanomaterials in the antibiotics resistant era. J Control Release [Internet]. 2011 Dec 10;156(2):128–45. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.07.002
26. Manjunathan T, Guru A, Arokiaraj J, Gopinath P. 6-Gingerol and Semisynthetic 6-Gingerdione Counteract Oxidative Stress Induced by ROS in Zebrafish. Chem Biodivers [Internet]. 2021 Dec;18(12):e2100650. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202100650
27. Sudhakaran G, Prathap P, Guru A, Rajesh R, Sathish S, Madhavan T, et al. Anti-inflammatory role demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo models using nonsteroidal tetranortriterpenoid, Nimbin (N1) and its analogs (N2 and N3) that alleviate the domestication of alternative medicine. Cell Biol Int [Internet]. 2022 May;46(5):771–91. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbin.11769
28. Qiu Z, Yu Y, Chen Z, Jin M, Yang D, Zhao Z, et al. Nanoalumina promotes the horizontal transfer of multiresistance genes mediated by plasmids across genera. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A [Internet]. 2012 Mar 27;109(13):4944–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107254109
29. Yin J, Liang Y, Wang D, Yan Z, Yin H, Wu D, et al. Naringenin induces laxative effects by upregulating the expression levels of c-Kit and SCF, as well as those of aquaporin 3 in mice with loperamide-induced constipation. Int J Mol Med [Internet]. 2018 Feb;41(2):649–58. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3301
30. Karim N, Jia Z, Zheng X, Cui S, Chen W. A recent review of citrus flavanone naringenin on metabolic diseases and its potential sources for high yield-production. Trends Food Sci Technol [Internet]. 2018 Sep;79:35–54. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924224418301778
31. Ke JY, Banh T, Hsiao YH, Cole RM, Straka SR, Yee LD, et al. Citrus flavonoid naringenin reduces mammary tumor cell viability, adipose mass, and adipose inflammation in obese ovariectomized mice. Mol Nutr Food Res [Internet]. 2017 Sep;61(9). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201600934
2. Aas JA, Paster BJ, Stokes LN, Olsen I, Dewhirst FE. Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. J Clin Microbiol [Internet]. 2005 Nov;43(11):5721–32. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.11.5721-5732.2005
3. Zhang Y, Wang X, Li H, Ni C, Du Z, Yan F. Human oral microbiota and its modulation for oral health. Biomed Pharmacother [Internet]. 2018 Mar;99:883–93. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.146
4. Edmundson M, Thanh NT, Song B. Nanoparticles based stem cell tracking in regenerative medicine. Theranostics [Internet]. 2013 Jul 23;3(8):573–82. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.5477
5. Leung YH, Ng AMC, Xu X, Shen Z, Gethings LA, Wong MT, et al. Mechanisms of antibacterial activity of MgO: non-ROS mediated toxicity of MgO nanoparticles towards Escherichia coli. Small [Internet]. 2014 Mar 26;10(6):1171–83. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201302434
6. Guru A, Lite C, Freddy AJ, Issac PK, Pasupuleti M, Saraswathi NT, et al. Intracellular ROS scavenging and antioxidant regulation of WL15 from cysteine and glycine-rich protein 2 demonstrated in zebrafish in vivo model. Dev Comp Immunol [Internet]. 2021 Jan;114:103863. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2020.103863
7. Beyth N, Houri-Haddad Y, Domb A, Khan W, Hazan R. Alternative antimicrobial approach: nano-antimicrobial materials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med [Internet]. 2015 Mar 16;2015:246012. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/246012
8. Issac PK, Guru A, Chandrakumar SS, Lite C, Saraswathi NT, Arasu MV, et al. Molecular process of glucose uptake and glycogen storage due to hamamelitannin via insulin signalling cascade in glucose metabolism. Mol Biol Rep [Internet]. 2020 Sep;47(9):6727–40. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05728-5
9. Guru A, Issac PK, Saraswathi NT, Seshadri VD, Gabr GA, Arockiaraj J. Deteriorating insulin resistance due to WL15 peptide from cysteine and glycine-rich protein 2 in high glucose-induced rat skeletal muscle L6 cells. Cell Biol Int [Internet]. 2021 Aug;45(8):1698–709. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbin.11608
10. Salehi B, Fokou PVT, Sharifi-Rad M, Zucca P, Pezzani R, Martins N, et al. The Therapeutic Potential of Naringenin: A Review of Clinical Trials. Pharmaceuticals [Internet]. 2019 Jan 10;12(1). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph12010011
11. Wang Q, Yang J, Zhang XM, Zhou L, Liao XL, Yang B. Practical synthesis of naringenin. J Chem Res [Internet]. 2015 Aug 7;39(8):455–7. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3184/174751915X14379994045537
12. Zobeiri M, Belwal T, Parvizi F, Naseri R, Farzaei MH, Nabavi SF, et al. Naringenin and its Nano-formulations for Fatty Liver: Cellular Modes of Action and Clinical Perspective. Curr Pharm Biotechnol [Internet]. 2018;19(3):196–205. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201019666180514170122
13. Velayutham M, Ojha B, Issac PK, Lite C, Guru A, Pasupuleti M, et al. NV14 from serine O-acetyltransferase of cyanobacteria influences the antioxidant enzymes in vitro cells, gene expression against H O and other responses in vivo zebrafish larval model. Cell Biol Int [Internet]. 2021 Nov;45(11):2331–46. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbin.11680
14. de Soet JJ, Holbrook WP, van Amerongen WE, Schipper E, Homburg CH, de Graaff J. Prevalence of Streptococcus sobrinus in relation to dental caries in children from Iceland and The Netherlands. ASDC J Dent Child [Internet]. 1990 Sep-Oct;57(5):337–42. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2212191
15. Rams TE, Feik D, Mortensen JE, Degener JE, van Winkelhoff AJ. Antibiotic susceptibility of periodontal Enterococcus faecalis. J Periodontol [Internet]. 2013 Jul;84(7):1026–33. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.2012.120050
16. Dahlén G. Role of suspected periodontopathogens in microbiological monitoring of periodontitis. Adv Dent Res [Internet]. 1993 Aug;7(2):163–74. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374930070020701
17. Al-Ahmad A, Müller N, Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad M, Sava I, Hübner J, Follo M, et al. Endodontic and salivary isolates of Enterococcus faecalis integrate into biofilm from human salivary bacteria cultivated in vitro. J Endod [Internet]. 2009 Jul;35(7):986–91. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2009.04.013
18. Patel M. Oral Cavity and : Colonisation to the Development of Infection. Pathogens [Internet]. 2022 Mar 10;11(3). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030335
19. Fraser VJ, Jones M, Dunkel J, Storfer S, Medoff G, Dunagan WC. Candidemia in a tertiary care hospital: epidemiology, risk factors, and predictors of mortality. Clin Infect Dis [Internet]. 1992 Sep;15(3):414–21. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clind/15.3.414
20. Cope AL, Chestnutt IG. Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics in primary dental care: reasons and resolutions. Prim Dent J [Internet]. 2014 Nov;3(4):33–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/205016814813877333
21. Maslamani M, Sedeqi F. Antibiotic and Analgesic Prescription Patterns among Dentists or Management of Dental Pain and Infection during Endodontic Treatment. Med Princ Pract [Internet]. 2018;27(1):66–72. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000486416
22. Chunduri NS, Madasu K, Goteki VR, Karpe T, Reddy H. Evaluation of bacterial spectrum of orofacial infections and their antibiotic susceptibility. Ann Maxillofac Surg [Internet]. 2012 Jan;2(1):46–50. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2231-0746.95318
23. Wang L, Hu C, Shao L. The antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles: present situation and prospects for the future. Int J Nanomedicine [Internet]. 2017 Feb 14;12:1227–49. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S121956
24. Kesharwani P, Gupta U. Nanotechnology-Based Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Brain Tumors [Internet]. Academic Press; 2018. 478 p. Available from: https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=aplXDwAAQBAJ
25. Huh AJ, Kwon YJ. “Nanoantibiotics”: a new paradigm for treating infectious diseases using nanomaterials in the antibiotics resistant era. J Control Release [Internet]. 2011 Dec 10;156(2):128–45. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.07.002
26. Manjunathan T, Guru A, Arokiaraj J, Gopinath P. 6-Gingerol and Semisynthetic 6-Gingerdione Counteract Oxidative Stress Induced by ROS in Zebrafish. Chem Biodivers [Internet]. 2021 Dec;18(12):e2100650. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202100650
27. Sudhakaran G, Prathap P, Guru A, Rajesh R, Sathish S, Madhavan T, et al. Anti-inflammatory role demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo models using nonsteroidal tetranortriterpenoid, Nimbin (N1) and its analogs (N2 and N3) that alleviate the domestication of alternative medicine. Cell Biol Int [Internet]. 2022 May;46(5):771–91. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbin.11769
28. Qiu Z, Yu Y, Chen Z, Jin M, Yang D, Zhao Z, et al. Nanoalumina promotes the horizontal transfer of multiresistance genes mediated by plasmids across genera. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A [Internet]. 2012 Mar 27;109(13):4944–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107254109
29. Yin J, Liang Y, Wang D, Yan Z, Yin H, Wu D, et al. Naringenin induces laxative effects by upregulating the expression levels of c-Kit and SCF, as well as those of aquaporin 3 in mice with loperamide-induced constipation. Int J Mol Med [Internet]. 2018 Feb;41(2):649–58. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3301
30. Karim N, Jia Z, Zheng X, Cui S, Chen W. A recent review of citrus flavanone naringenin on metabolic diseases and its potential sources for high yield-production. Trends Food Sci Technol [Internet]. 2018 Sep;79:35–54. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924224418301778
31. Ke JY, Banh T, Hsiao YH, Cole RM, Straka SR, Yee LD, et al. Citrus flavonoid naringenin reduces mammary tumor cell viability, adipose mass, and adipose inflammation in obese ovariectomized mice. Mol Nutr Food Res [Internet]. 2017 Sep;61(9). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201600934
Published
2024-01-24
How to Cite
Dev Arora, & Sarita Bhandari. (2024). Evaluation of the Antimicrobial activity of Naringenin based Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Dental Pathogens. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(1), 4498-4504. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v25i1.2347
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