The Physiological Correlate Of Meda Dhatu: An Integrative Review Of Ayurvedic Principles And Modern Adipose Tissue Biology
Keywords:
Meda Dhatu,, adipose tissue,, Ayurveda, adipokines, thermogenesis, integrative medicine, metabolic disorders
Abstract
One of the Sapta Dhatu (the seven primary tissues that support bodily growth and maintenance), Meda Dhatu has its roots in Ayurveda. The view of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ with a fundamental purpose beyond energy storage has shifted due to expanding knowledge. Meda Dhatu's principles were applied to modern adipose tissue biology in this review. A systematic review found congruence between Meda Dhatu principles in Ayurveda and current adipose tissue physiology and their therapeutic significance in metabolic diseases. A PRISMA 2020-compliant literature review was conducted. Electronic databases were searched for peer-reviewed literature on Ayurvedic Meda Dhatu ideas, adipose tissue biology, metabolic functions, and integrative medicine from 2000 to 2025. Modern research on adipose tissue, adipokines, thermogenesis, and immunological function was evaluated alongside Ayurvedic classics, including Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. The results suggested that Ayurvedic Meda Dhatu fundamentals and modern adipose tissue biology may overlap. Meda Dhatu energy storage, insulation, lubrication, and metabolic control capabilities resemble white (WAT), brown (BAT), and beige adipose tissue. Both recognise tissue growth (Meda Vriddhi/obesity) and depletion (Kshaya/lipodystrophy). Medodhatvagni and Medovaha Srotas in Ayurveda connect with modern adipose tissue metabolism and the anatomy and physiology of the vascular network and metabolic pathways, respectively. A combination of these complementary models shows metabolic disease-related WAT impairment: Ayurveda's constitutional type (Prakriti) and personalised treatment fit metabolic health's Precision medicine. The holistic description in Ayurveda describes Meda Dhatu's connection with other physiological systems, which matches recent research on adipose tissue's systemic endocrine and immunological effects. This investigation shows that the old Ayurvedic Meda Dhatu theory and modern medical understanding of adipose tissue overlap, supporting integrative metabolic health methods. Future investigations are needed to validate classical Ayurvedic therapies and develop individualised therapeutic strategies.
References
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45. Patil, V. C., et al. Study of the human physiological aspect of all component of Medo Dhatu. AYUSHDHARA. 2024;11(1):29-35.
46. Scheja, L., Heeren, J. The endocrine function of adipose tissues in health and cardiometabolic disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019;15(9):507-524.
47. Friedman, J. M., Halaas, J. L. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature. 1998;395(6704):763-770.
48. Yamauchi, T., Kamon, J., Minokoshi, Y., et al. Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat Med. 2002;8(11):1288-1295.
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51. Sharma, R. K., Dash, B. Charaka Samhita: Sutra Sthana. 6th ed. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office; 2014.
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56. Upadhyaya, Y. Ayurveda Sarasangraha. 1st ed. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Sansthan; 2009.
57. Garg, A. Lipodystrophies: genetic and acquired body fat disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(11):3313-3325.
58. Savage, D. B. Mouse models of inherited lipodystrophy. Dis Model Mech. 2009;2(11-12):554-562.
59. Wellen, K. E., Hotamisligil, G. S. Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(5):1111-1119.
60. Lumeng, C. N., Saltiel, A. R. Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(6):2111-2117.
61. Hotamisligil, G. S. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature. 2006;444(7121):860-867.
62. Shoelson, S. E., Lee, J., Goldfine, A. B. Inflammation and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(7):1793-1801.
63. Raina, S., Navya. An integrated approach in the present era: scope & applications. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2025;10(1):147-153.
64. Chopra, A., Saluja, M., Tillu, G. Ayurveda–modern medicine interface: a critical appraisal of studies of Ayurvedic medicines to treat osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2011;2(3):190-198.
65. Prasher, B., Negi, S., Aggarwal, S., et al. Whole genome expression and biochemical correlates of extreme constitutional types defined in Ayurveda. J Transl Med. 2008;6:48.
66. Ghodke, Y., Joshi, K., Patwardhan, B. Traditional medicine to modern pharmacogenomics: Ayurveda Prakriti type and CYP2C19 gene polymorphism associated with the metabolic variability. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:249528.
67. Collins, F. S., Varmus, H. A new initiative on precision medicine. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(9):793-795.
68. Ashley, E. A. Towards precision medicine. Nat Rev Genet. 2016;17(9):507-522.
69. Sharma, H., Chandola, H. M., Singh, G., et al. Utilization of Ayurveda in health care: an approach for prevention, health promotion, and treatment of disease. Part 2--Ayurveda in primary health care. J Altern Complement Med. 2007;13(10):1135-1150.
70. Patwardhan, B., Bodeker, G. Ayurvedic genomics: establishing a genetic basis for mind-body typologies. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14(5):571-576.
71. Jensen, M. D., Ryan, D. H., Apovian, C. M., et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S102-S138.
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73. Clinical safety and efficacy of Ayurveda multi-herbal formulation in obesity management: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2025;16(4):100234.
74. Exploring the impact of Ayurvedic approaches on obesity: a comprehensive review. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2024;12(8):145-152.
75. Advances in the understanding of adipose tissue biology. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(1):5-6.
76. The essential roles of human adipose tissue: metabolic, endocrine and immune functions. Curr Obes Rep. 2021;10(4):485-497.
77. Govindaraj P, Nizamuddin S, Sharath A, Jyothi V, Rotti H, Raval R, et al. Genome-wide analysis correlates Ayurveda Prakriti. Scientific Reports. 2015;5(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15786.
78. Gupta R. Integrating Ayurveda with Modern Medicine for Enhanced Patient Care. The Physician. 2024;9(1): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.38192/1.9.1.3.
79. Saad, Bashar, bilal ahmad ahmad ghareeb, and Abdalsalam Kmail. 2021. “Metabolic and Epigenetics Action Mechanisms of Antiobesity Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9995903.
2. Chopra, A., Doiphode, V. V. Ayurvedic medicine: core concept, therapeutic principles, and current relevance. Med Clin North Am. 2002;86(1):75-89.
3. Lad, V. Textbook of Ayurveda: fundamental principles. 2nd ed. Albuquerque: Ayurvedic Press; 2012.
4. Patwardhan, B., Warude, D., Pushpangadan, P., Bhatt, N. Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine: a comparative overview. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2005;2(4):465-473.
5. Sharma, P. V. Charaka Samhita. 4th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2014.
6. Srikantha Murthy, K. R. Sushruta Samhita. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2010.
7. Dash, B., Kashyap, L. Charaka Samhita: scientific synopsis. New Delhi: Concept Publishing; 2001.
8. Bhishagratna, K. L. Sushruta Samhita: English translation. 2nd ed. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office; 2006.
9. Singh, R. H. Exploring issues in the development of Ayurvedic research methodology. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2010;1(2):91-95.
10. Govindarajan, R., Vijayakumar, M., Pushpangadan, P. Antioxidant approach to disease management and the role of 'Rasayana' herbs of Ayurveda. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;99(2):165-178.
11. Kershaw, E. E., Flier, J.S. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(6):2548-2556.
12. Trayhurn, P., Wood, I. S. Adipokines: inflammation and the pleiotropic role of white adipose tissue. Br J Nutr. 2004;92(3):347-355.
13. Cannon, B., Nedergaard, J. Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. Physiol Rev. 2004;84(1):277-359.
14. Wu, J., Boström, P., Sparks, L. M., et al. Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mice and humans. Cell. 2012;150(2):366-376.
15. Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., et al. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature. 1994;372(6505):425-432.
16. Scherer, P. E., Williams, S., Fogliano, M., et al. A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 1995;270(45):26746-26749.
17. Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M., et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384(9945):766-781.
18. Afshin, A., Forouzanfar, M. H., Reitsma, M. B., et al. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(1):13-27.
19. Wing, R. R., Phelan, S. Long-term weight loss maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(1 Suppl):222S-225S.
20. MacLean, P. S., Wing, R. R., Davidson, T., et al. NIH working group report: Innovative research to improve maintenance of weight loss. Obesity. 2015;23(1):7-15.
21. Institute of Medicine. Complementary and alternative medicine in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2005.
22. Ernst, E. Complementary medicine: scrutinising the alternatives. Lancet. 1993;341(8847):1626-1628.
23. National Centre for Complementary and Integrative Health. Strategic plan 2021-2025. Bethesda: NCCIH; 2021.
24. World Health Organisation. WHO traditional medicine strategy: 2014-2023. Geneva: WHO Press; 2013.
25. Chopra, A., Saluja, M., Tillu, G. Ayurveda-modern medicine interface: a critical appraisal of studies of Ayurvedic medicines to treat osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2010;1(3):190-198.
26. Patwardhan, B. Bridging Ayurveda with evidence-based scientific approaches in medicine. EPMA J. 2014;5(1):19.
27. Sahare, P., et al. Conceptual analysis of Meda Dhatu w.s.r. to Kriya Sharira. Int Ayurved Med J. 2019;7(6):906-909.
28. Richard, A. J., White, U., Elks, C. M., et al. Adipose tissue: physiology to metabolic dysfunction. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth: MDText.com; 2020.
29. Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.
30. Shamseer, L., Moher, D., Clarke, M., et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation. BMJ. 2015;350:g7647.
31. Thatte, U., Dahanukar, S. Ayurveda revisited. 3rd ed. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan; 2000.
32. Ibrahim, M. M. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: structural and functional differences. Obes Rev. 2010;11(1):11-18.
33. Tchkonia, T., Thomou, T., Zhu, Y., et al. Mechanisms and metabolic implications of regional adipose tissue ageing. Cell Metab. 2013;17(4):644-656.
34. Ambarwati, R., et al. High leptin and low adiponectin levels in the metabolic syndrome patients with malignancy. Indones Biomed J. 2023;15(5):297-303.
35. Al-Hamodi, Z., et al. Association of adipokines, leptin/adiponectin ratio and C-reactive protein with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014;14:103.
36. Tripathi, B. Charaka Samhita: Chikitsa Sthana. 1st ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharati; 2007.
37. Gupta, K. A. Sushruta Samhita: Sutra Sthana. 2nd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Orientalia; 2005.
38. Hall, K. D. Body fat and fat-free mass inter-relationships: Forbes's theory revisited. Br J Nutr. 2007;97(6):1059-1063.
39. Westerterp, K. R. Control of energy expenditure in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017;71(3):340-344.
40. Duncan, R. E., Ahmadian, M., Jaworski, K., et al. Regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes. Annu Rev Nutr. 2007;27:79-101.
41. Sul, H. S., Wang, D. Nutritional and hormonal regulation of enzymes in fat synthesis: studies of fatty acid synthase and mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase gene transcription. Annu Rev Nutr. 1998;18:331-351.
42. Dash, B., Junius, A. A handbook of Ayurveda. 3rd ed. New Delhi: Concept Publishing; 2005.
43. Bartelt, A., Heeren, J. Adipose tissue browning and metabolic health. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014;10(1):24-36.
44. Becher, T., Palanisamy, S., Kramer, D. J., et al. Brown adipose tissue is associated with cardiometabolic health. Nat Med. 2021;27(1):58-65.
45. Patil, V. C., et al. Study of the human physiological aspect of all component of Medo Dhatu. AYUSHDHARA. 2024;11(1):29-35.
46. Scheja, L., Heeren, J. The endocrine function of adipose tissues in health and cardiometabolic disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019;15(9):507-524.
47. Friedman, J. M., Halaas, J. L. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature. 1998;395(6704):763-770.
48. Yamauchi, T., Kamon, J., Minokoshi, Y., et al. Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat Med. 2002;8(11):1288-1295.
49. Kumar, Y., et al. Overview of Sthaulya (obesity) management in Ayurveda. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2024;9(10):41-50.
50. Dubey, S. R., Bhaskare, S. Ayurvedic management of Sthaulya – a case study. Int Ayurved Med J. 2025;13(3):891-896.
51. Sharma, R. K., Dash, B. Charaka Samhita: Sutra Sthana. 6th ed. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office; 2014.
52. Singh, L. B. Concept of obesity in Ayurveda. Anc Sci Life. 1995;15(1):50-52.
53. Stefan, N., Häring, H. U., Hu, F. B., et al. Metabolically healthy obesity: epidemiology, mechanisms, and clinical implications. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2013;1(2):152-162.
54. Blüher, M. Metabolically healthy obesity. Endocr Rev. 2020;41(3):405-420.
55. Srikantha Murthy, K. R. Sushruta Samhita: Sutra Sthana. 4th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2008.
56. Upadhyaya, Y. Ayurveda Sarasangraha. 1st ed. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Sansthan; 2009.
57. Garg, A. Lipodystrophies: genetic and acquired body fat disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(11):3313-3325.
58. Savage, D. B. Mouse models of inherited lipodystrophy. Dis Model Mech. 2009;2(11-12):554-562.
59. Wellen, K. E., Hotamisligil, G. S. Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(5):1111-1119.
60. Lumeng, C. N., Saltiel, A. R. Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(6):2111-2117.
61. Hotamisligil, G. S. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature. 2006;444(7121):860-867.
62. Shoelson, S. E., Lee, J., Goldfine, A. B. Inflammation and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(7):1793-1801.
63. Raina, S., Navya. An integrated approach in the present era: scope & applications. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2025;10(1):147-153.
64. Chopra, A., Saluja, M., Tillu, G. Ayurveda–modern medicine interface: a critical appraisal of studies of Ayurvedic medicines to treat osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2011;2(3):190-198.
65. Prasher, B., Negi, S., Aggarwal, S., et al. Whole genome expression and biochemical correlates of extreme constitutional types defined in Ayurveda. J Transl Med. 2008;6:48.
66. Ghodke, Y., Joshi, K., Patwardhan, B. Traditional medicine to modern pharmacogenomics: Ayurveda Prakriti type and CYP2C19 gene polymorphism associated with the metabolic variability. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:249528.
67. Collins, F. S., Varmus, H. A new initiative on precision medicine. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(9):793-795.
68. Ashley, E. A. Towards precision medicine. Nat Rev Genet. 2016;17(9):507-522.
69. Sharma, H., Chandola, H. M., Singh, G., et al. Utilization of Ayurveda in health care: an approach for prevention, health promotion, and treatment of disease. Part 2--Ayurveda in primary health care. J Altern Complement Med. 2007;13(10):1135-1150.
70. Patwardhan, B., Bodeker, G. Ayurvedic genomics: establishing a genetic basis for mind-body typologies. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14(5):571-576.
71. Jensen, M. D., Ryan, D. H., Apovian, C. M., et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S102-S138.
72. Wadden, T. A., Butryn, M. L., Hong, P. S., et al. Behavioral treatment of obesity in patients encountered in primary care settings: a systematic review. JAMA. 2014;312(17):1779-1791.
73. Clinical safety and efficacy of Ayurveda multi-herbal formulation in obesity management: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2025;16(4):100234.
74. Exploring the impact of Ayurvedic approaches on obesity: a comprehensive review. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2024;12(8):145-152.
75. Advances in the understanding of adipose tissue biology. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(1):5-6.
76. The essential roles of human adipose tissue: metabolic, endocrine and immune functions. Curr Obes Rep. 2021;10(4):485-497.
77. Govindaraj P, Nizamuddin S, Sharath A, Jyothi V, Rotti H, Raval R, et al. Genome-wide analysis correlates Ayurveda Prakriti. Scientific Reports. 2015;5(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15786.
78. Gupta R. Integrating Ayurveda with Modern Medicine for Enhanced Patient Care. The Physician. 2024;9(1): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.38192/1.9.1.3.
79. Saad, Bashar, bilal ahmad ahmad ghareeb, and Abdalsalam Kmail. 2021. “Metabolic and Epigenetics Action Mechanisms of Antiobesity Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9995903.
Published
2025-09-25
How to Cite
Dr. Krishna Yadav, Dr. Mamta Yadav, Dr. Priyanka Deegwal, Dr. Saurabh Dongare, Prof. (Dr.) Dinesh Chandra Sharma, & Dr. Pooja Pareek. (2025). The Physiological Correlate Of Meda Dhatu: An Integrative Review Of Ayurvedic Principles And Modern Adipose Tissue Biology. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(1), 4226-4232. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v25i1.2171
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