Investigation of the termiticidal and protein composition of Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T. Aiton) against Cryptotermes tropicalis Gay & Watson (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae)
Keywords:
Anti-termitic activity, Calotropis gigantea, Cryptotermes tropicalis, Protein profile, Eco-friendly pesticide.
Abstract
There is an increasing awareness of the use of natural products for termite and pest control because of their environmental safety. There are several indigenous plant materials that have been reported as potential alternatives to synthetic termiticides. In our study, we examined the anti-termite potential of chloroform, methanol, methanol + aqueous (1:1), and aqueous extracts of Calotropis gigantean against Cryptotermes tropicalis. The anti-termitic activity was performed by no-choice bioassay methods at 31.2, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg/mL. The anti-termite potential of each extract revealed that the chloroform extract of C. gigantea exhibited the highest anti-termitic activity (94.0%) at 500 mg/mL against C. tropicalis, over a period of 72 hrs. followed by methanol (86.0%), methanol + aqueous (1:1), (59.0%), and aqueous (24.0%) extracts. It was found that the LC50 and LC90 values of chloroform extract from C. gigantea were 7.94 (6.61–9.55) and 23.82 (20.15–26.87), followed by methanol (15.31–13.60–17.24) and 45.93 (42.94–48.02), methanol + aqueous (1:1), 27.49 (21.82–36.51), and 61.63 (47.13–82.19), and aqueous less than 50%, respectively. The SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the treated termite had a lower protein concentration. The termite groups that were aqueously treated and the control group showed negligible or no changes in protein expression. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the plant also showed that the extracts contained alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, and steroids. C. giganteam leaves could be enhanced with an environmentally friendly termiticide.References
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38. Saleh, T.A., Abdel-Gawad, R.M., 2018. Electrophoretic and colorimetric pattern of protein and isozyme as reflex to diflubenzuron and chromafenozide treatments of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 6(3),1651-1660.
39. Saratha, V., Subramanian, S.P., 2012. A triterpenoid isolated from Calotropis gigantea latex eliorates the primary and secondary complications of FCA induced adjuvant disease in experimental rats. Inflammopharmacology. 20:27–37.
40. Senthilkumar, N., Varma, P., Gurusubramanian, G., 2009. Larvicidal and adulticidal activities of some medicinal plants against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (Liston). Parasitol. Res. 104: 237–244. doi:10.1007/s00436-008-1180-4.
41. Shaurub, E-S.H., 2012. Immunomodulation in insects’ post-treatment with abiotic agents: A review. Eur. J. Entomol. 109:303–316.
42. Shilpkar, P., Shah, M., Chaudhary, D.R. 2007. An alternate use of Calotropis gigantea: Biomethanation. Curr. Sci. 92:(4), 435-437.
43. Sileshi, G., Mafongoya, P. L., Kwesiga, F., Nkunika, P., 2005. Termite damage to maize grown in agroforestry systems, traditional fallows and monoculture on nitrogen-limited soils in eastern Zambia. Agric. Forest Entomol. 7(1): 61-69.
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2. Addisu, S., Mohamed, D., Waktole, S., 2013. Efficacy of botanical extracts against termites, Macrotermes spp., (Isoptera: Termitidae) under laboratory conditions. Int. J. Agric. Res. 1: 1–7.
3. Afolabi, O.J., Simon-Oke, IA., Elufisan, O.O., Oniya, M.O., 2018. Adulticidal and repellent activities of some botanical oils against malaria mosquito: Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). BJBAS. 7:135–138.
4. Alagesaboopathi, C., 2009. Ethnomedicinal plants and their utilization by villagers in Kumaragiri hills of Salem district of Tamilnadu, India. AJTCAM. 7;6 (3):222-7. doi: 10.4314/ajtcam. v6i3.57157.
5. Ayoub Ajaha., Bouayad, N., Ahmed Aarab., Rharrabe K., 2019. Effect of 20-hydroxyecdysone, a phytoecdysteroid, on development, digestive, and detoxification enzyme activities of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J. Insects.19(5):18;1–6, DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez097.
6. Bezuneh, T.T., Derressa, H.D., Duraisam, R., Tura, A.M., 2019. Preliminary evaluation of anti-termitic activity of Prosopis juliflora leaf extract against Macrotermes spp (Isoptera: Termitidae). Cogent Environmental Science. 5(1), 1564170.
7. Boue, S.M., Raina, A.K., 2003. Effects of plant flavonoids on fecundity, survival, and feeding of the Formosan subterranean termite. J. Chem. Ecol. 29, 2575–2584.
8. Cespedes, C.L., Martínez-Vázquez, M., Calderón, J.S., Salazar, J.R., Aranda, E., 2001. Insect growth regulatory activity of some extracts and compounds from Parthenium argentatum on fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, Z Naturforsch. 56 (1-2),95-105. doi: 10.1515/znc-2001-1-216.
9. Choi, BD., Nathan, A., Wong, K., Auh J.H., 2017. Defatting and Sonication Enhances Protein Extraction from Edible Insects. Korean J. Food Sci. An. 37(6), 955~961, https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.6.955.
10. Coria, C., Almiron, W., Valladares, G., Carpinella, C., Luduena, F., Defago, M., Palacios, S., 2008. Larvicide and oviposition deterrent effects of fruit and leaf extracts from Melia azedarach L. on Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Bioresour. Technol. 99: 3066–3070. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.06.012.
11. Coria, C., Almiron, W., Valladares, G., Carpinella, C., Luduena, F., Defago, M., Palacios, S., 2008. Larvicide and oviposition deterrent effects of fruit and leaf extracts from Melia azedarach L. on Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Bioresour. Technol. 99: 3066–3070. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.06.012.
12. Engel, M.S., Krishna, K., 2004. Family-group names for Termites (Isoptera). Am. Mus. Novit. 3432: 1-9.
13. Engelmann, F., 1979. Insect vitollogenin: Identification biosynthesis and role of Vitollogenesis. Adv. Insect Physiol.14:49-108.
14. Finney, D.T., 1971. Probit Analysis. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge.
15. Ge, Y., Liu, P., Yang, R., Zhang, L., Chen, H., Camara, I., Shi, W., 2015. Insecticidal constituents and activity of alkaloids from Cynanchum mongolicum. Molecules. 20(9), 17483-17492.
16. Guclu-Ustundag, O., Mazza, G., 2007. Saponins: properties, applications and processing. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 47(3):231–258.
17. Henagamage, A.P., Ranaweera, M.N., Peries, C.M., Premetilake, M.M.S.N., 2023. Repellent, antifeedant and toxic effects of plants-extracts against Spodoptera frugiperda larvae (fall armyworm). Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 48: 102636.
18. Ismayati, M., Nakagawa-izumi, A., Ohi, H., 2017. Structural elucidation of condensed tannin from the bark waste of Acacia crassicarpa plantation wood in Indonesia. J. Wood Sci. 63(4), 350-359.
19. Ismayati, M., Nakagawa-izumi, A., Ohi, H., 2018. Utilization of bark condensed tannin as natural preservatives against Subterranean Termite. In IOP Conference Series: Earth Environ. Sci. 166 (1), 012016.
20. Jeyabalan, D., Arul, N., Thangamathi, P., 2003. Studies on effects of Pelargonium citrosa leaf extracts on malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston. Bioresour. Technol. 89: 185–189.
21. Joykishan, S.H., Kumar, M., 2017. Ashish. Biochemical Analysis of Haemolymph of Antheraea mylitta. Biotechnol Ind J. 13(5),148.
22. Kang, H. Y., Matsushima, N., Sameshima, K., Takamura, N., 1990. Termite resistance tests of hardwoods of Kochi growth I. The strong termiticidal activity of kagonoki (Litsea coreana Léveillé). JWRS. 36(1): 78–84.
23. Mandal, S., 2023. Calotropis gigantea: A brief study on phytochemical and pharmacological profile. AJPRes. 13(1), 34-0. https://doi.org/10.52711/2231-5691.2023.00006.
24. Mann, R.S., Kaufman, P.E., 2012. Natural Product Pesticides: Their Development, Delivery and Use against Insect Vectors. Mini-Rev. Org. Chem. 9:185-202.
25. Meshram, A., Bhagyawant, S.S., Srivastava, N., 2019. Characterization of pyrrolidine alkaloids of Epipremnum aureum for their antitermite activity against subterranean termites with SEM studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 89(1), 53-62.
26. Nattudurai, G., Paulraj, M.G., Ignacimuthu, S., 2012. Fumigant toxicity of volatile synthetic compounds and natural oils against red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleopetera: Tenebrionidae). King Saud Univ. Sci. 24: 153–159. doi: 10.1016/j.jksus.2010.11.002.
27. Nerio, L. S., Olivero-Verbel, J., Stashenko, E., 2010. Repellent activity of essential oils: A review. Bioresour. Technol. 101(1): 372–378.
28. Ohmura, W., Doi, S., Aoyama, M., Ohara, S., 2000. Antifeedant activity of flavonoids and related compounds against the subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. J. Wood Sci. 46: 149–153. doi:10.1007/ BF00777362.
29. Parekh, J., Chanda, S.V., 2008. In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of some Indian medicinal plants. Turk. J. Biotechnol. 31: 53–58.
30. Pattanaik, C., Reddy, C.S., Murty, M.S.R., Reddy, P., 2006. Ethanomedicinal observation among tribal people of Koraput, Orissa, India. Research Journal of Botany. 1: 125-128.
31. Pavunraj, M., Baskar, K., Arokiyara,j S., Rajapandiya, K., Abdulaziz, A., Alqarawie, Elsayed FathiAbd_ Allahe. 2020. Silver nanoparticles containing stearic acid isolated from Catharanthus roseus: Ovicidal and oviposition-deterrent activities on Earias vittella and ecotoxicological studies. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 168:104640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2 020.104640.
32. Pavunraj, M., Baskar, K., Paulraj, M.G., Ignacimuthu, S., Janarthanan, S., 2013. Phagodeterrence and insecticidal activity of Hyptis suaveolens (Poit.) against four important lepidopteran pests. Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot. 47(1), 113–121. DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2013.800694.
33. Pavunraj, M., Baskar. K., Janarthanan, S., Arumugam M. 2014. Bio-efficacy of crude leaf extracts of Acalypha fruticosa Forssk. against some agriculturally important insect pests. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 4:(2): S890-S894. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60753-2.
34. Pavunraj, M., Rajeshkumar, S., Ignacimuthu, S., 2024. Antifeedant activity of crude extracts and fractions isolated from Cymodocea serrulate (R.Br.) leaf against tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura (Fab.) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology. 45(12), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i124100.
35. Pavunraj, M., Ramasubbu, G., Ezhumalai, P., Nagarajan, K., Rajeshkumar, S., 2024. Assessment of the phytotoxicity and antifeedant properties of Aristolochia bracteolata Lamk. leaf extracts and their derivatives against the spotted bollworm, Earias vittella (Fab.), (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology. 45 (13),113- 21. https://doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i134139.
36. Rafia, T., Ayesha, A., Ansar, Z., Qurat-Ul-Ain., Salma A., 2023. Termiticidal activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of medicinal Plants Calotropis gigantea and Morus Alba against Heterotermes indicola (Wasmann) JPTCP, 30 (19), 2192-2203.
37. Sahay, N.S., Prajapati, C.J., Panara, K.A., Patel, J.D., Singh, P.K. 2014. Antitermite potential of plants selected from the SRISTI database of grassroots innovations. JBiopest. 7: 164–169.
38. Saleh, T.A., Abdel-Gawad, R.M., 2018. Electrophoretic and colorimetric pattern of protein and isozyme as reflex to diflubenzuron and chromafenozide treatments of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 6(3),1651-1660.
39. Saratha, V., Subramanian, S.P., 2012. A triterpenoid isolated from Calotropis gigantea latex eliorates the primary and secondary complications of FCA induced adjuvant disease in experimental rats. Inflammopharmacology. 20:27–37.
40. Senthilkumar, N., Varma, P., Gurusubramanian, G., 2009. Larvicidal and adulticidal activities of some medicinal plants against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (Liston). Parasitol. Res. 104: 237–244. doi:10.1007/s00436-008-1180-4.
41. Shaurub, E-S.H., 2012. Immunomodulation in insects’ post-treatment with abiotic agents: A review. Eur. J. Entomol. 109:303–316.
42. Shilpkar, P., Shah, M., Chaudhary, D.R. 2007. An alternate use of Calotropis gigantea: Biomethanation. Curr. Sci. 92:(4), 435-437.
43. Sileshi, G., Mafongoya, P. L., Kwesiga, F., Nkunika, P., 2005. Termite damage to maize grown in agroforestry systems, traditional fallows and monoculture on nitrogen-limited soils in eastern Zambia. Agric. Forest Entomol. 7(1): 61-69.
44. The Wealth of India., 2004. A Dictionary of Indian Raw Material and Industrial Products. Vol: 3. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, 78: 181.
45. Verma, M., Sharma, S., and Prasad, R. 2009. Biological alternatives for termite control: a review. Int Biodeter Biodegr. 63(8), 959-972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ibiod.2009.05.009.
46. War, A.R., Paulraj, M.G., Ahmad, T., Buhroo, A.A., Hussain, B., Ignacimuthu, S., 2012. Sharma HC. Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores. Plant Signal Behav. 7 (10):1306-20. doi: 10.4161/psb.21663.
Published
2024-09-20
How to Cite
Pavunraj Manickama, Raja Selvaraju, Ramakrishnan Ramasamy, Nagarajan Kalimuthu, Rajeshkumar Shanmugam, & Ponnarasu Selvam. (2024). Investigation of the termiticidal and protein composition of Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T. Aiton) against Cryptotermes tropicalis Gay & Watson (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(1), 2990 - 2997. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v25i1.1461
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