AI based Admission prediction model: Testing & Sustainability
Keywords:
AI, Admission Prediction, Sustainability
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate and compare the performance of various AI modelsRNN (Recurrent Neural Network), DBN (Deep Belief Network), DBM (Deep Boltzmann Machine), RBM (Restricted Boltzmann Machine), ESDRBM (Extended Stacked Denoising Restricted Boltzmann Machine)—using original and synthetic datasets to determine the viability of synthetic data for maintaining model performance. The objective is to assess whether synthetic data can serve as a reliable substitute for original data in training AI models, by comparing key performance metrics including precision, recall, FMeasure, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The performance of each model was measured across the specified metrics using both original and synthetic datasets. A paired sample t-test was employed to statistically analyze the differences between the metrics obtained from original and synthetic data, assessing the significance of any observed differences. The results indicate minimal differences in performance metrics between original and synthetic data for all models. ESDRBM, RBM, and DBM consistently showed slightly higher precision, recall, and FMeasure values. DBM achieved the highest accuracy, while sensitivity and specificity metrics remained nearly identical across both data types. Paired sample t-tests confirmed that the differences between the original and synthetic data were not statistically significant, with high p-values indicating random variation as the likely cause of any observed differences. The findings suggest that synthetic data can effectively maintain the performance of AI models across various metrics. ESDRBM, RBM, and DBM models particularly exhibit robust performance with both data types. This underscores the potential of synthetic data as a viable alternative to original data in AI model training, providing flexibility and scalability in data generation without compromising model effectiveness.
References
References:
1. Frizon, J.A.; Eugenio, T. Recent developments on research in sustainability in higher education management and accounting areas. Int. J. Manag. Educ. 2022, 20, 100709.
2. Aleixo, A.M.; Leal, S.; Azeiteiro, U.M. Conceptualization of sustainable higher education institutions, roles, barriers, and challenges for sustainability: An exploratory study in Portugal. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 172, 1664–1673.
3. Kolb, M.; Frohlich, L.; Schmidpeter, R. Implementing sustainability as the new normal: Responsible management education—From a private business school’s perspective. Int. J. Manag. Educ. 2017, 15, 280–292.
4. Department of Economic and Social Affairs of United Nations. The 17 Goals of Sustainable Development. 2022. Available online: https://sdgs.un.org/goals (accessed on 19 June 2024).
5. Hallinger, P.; Chatpinyakoop, C. A bibliometric review of research on higher education for sustainable development, 1998–2018. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2401.
6. Isenmann, R.; Landwehr-Zloch, S.; Zinn, S. Morphological box for ESD—Landmark for universities implementing education for sustainable development (ESD). Int. J. Manag. Educ. 2020, 18, 100360.
7. Katz, L.F.; Murphy, K.M. Changes in relative wages, 1963–1987: Supply and demand factors. Q. J. Econ. 1992, 107, 35–78.
8. Cho, C.H.; Kim, A.; Rodrigue, M.; Schneider, T. Towards a better understanding of sustainability accounting and management research and teaching in North America: A look at the community. Sustain. Account. Manag. Policy J. 2020, 11, 985–1007.
9. Correa, M.; de Lima, B.V.M.; Martins, V.W.B.; Rampasso, I.S.; Anholon, R.; Quelhas, O.L.G.; Filho, W.L. An analysis of the insertion of sustainability elements in undergraduate design courses offered by Brazilian higher education institutions: An exploratory study. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 272, 122733.
10. Gomes, S.F.; Jorge, S.; Eugenio, T.P. Teaching sustainable development in business sciences degrees: Evidence from Portugal. Sustain. Account. Manag. Policy J. 2020, 12, 611–634.
11. Leal Filho, W.L.; Doni, F.; Vargas, V.R.; Wall, T.; Hindley, A.; Rayman-Bacchus, L.; Emblen-Perry, K.; Boddy, J.; Avila, L.V. The integration of social responsibility and sustainability in practice: Exploring attitudes and practices in Higher Education Institutions. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 220, 152–166.
12. Nave, A.; Franco, M. University-firm cooperation as a way to promote sustainability practices: A sustainable entrepreneurship perspective. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 230, 1188–1196.
13. Peter, F.; Spiess, C.K.; Zambre, V. Informing students about college: Increasing enrollment using a behavioral intervention? J. Econ. Behav. Organ. 2021, 190, 524–549.
14. Henschke, J.A. An International Perspective on Reorienting Traditional Higher Education Institutions toward Lifelong Learning. Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci. 2014, 142, 36–46.
15. Ma, J.; Pender, M.; Welch, M. Education Pays 2016: The Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and Society; Trends in Higher Education Series; College Board: New York, NY, USA, 2016.
16. OECD. Education at a Glance 2014; OECD Publishing: Paris, Fance, 2014.
17. Degol, J.L.; Wang, M.T.; Ye, F.F.; Zhang, C.Y. Who makes the cut? Parental involvement and math trajectories predicting college enrollment. J. Appl. Dev. Psychol. 2017, 50, 60–70.
18. Crawford, J.; Cifuentes-Faura, J. Sustainability in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1879.
19. Wu, L.; Yan, K.; Zhang, Y. Higher education expansion and inequality in educational opportunities in China. High. Educ. 2020, 80, 549–570.
20. Bratti, M.; Checchi, D.; De Blasio, G. Does the Expansion of Higher Education Increase the Equality of Educational Opportunities? Evidence from Italy. Labour 2008, 22, 53–88.
21. Chesters, J.; Watson, L. Understanding the persistence of inequality in higher education: Evidence from Australia. J. Educ. Policy 2013, 28, 198–215.
22. Chang, D.F. Effects of higher education expansion on gender parity: A 65-year trajectory in Taiwan. High. Educ. 2018, 76, 449–466.
23. Huang, X.; Yang, J. China’s Regional Education Inequality Decomposition and Improvement Measures. J. Beijing Inst. Technol. 2012, 14, 150–156.
24. Kleykamp, M. Where did the soldiers go? The effects of military downsizing on college enrollment and employment. Soc. Sci. Res. 2010, 39, 477–490.
25. Gibbs, B.G.; Erickson, L.D.; Dufur, M.J.; Miles, A. Extracurricular associations and college enrollment. Soc. Sci. Res. 2015, 50, 367–381.
26. Sano, S. The effect of student loans on college enrollment: Evidence from municipality panel data in Japan. Jpn. World Econ. 2019, 52, 100979.
27. Avery, C.; Castleman, B.L.; Hurwitz, M.; Long, B.T.; Page, L.C. Digital messaging to improve college enrollment and success. Econ. Educ. Rev. 2021, 84, 102170.
28. Schanzenbach, D.W.; Turner, S. Limited supply and lagging enrollment: Production technologies and enrollment changes at community colleges during the pandemic. J. Public Econ. 2022, 212, 104703.
29. Sart, G. Impact of Higher Education and Globalization on Sustainable Development in the New EU Member States. Sustainability 2022, 14, 11916.
30. Li, H.B.; Ma, Y.Y.; Meng, L.S.; Qiao, X.; Shi, X.Z. Skill complementarities and returns to higher education: Evidence from college enrollment expansion in China. China Econ. Rev. 2017, 46, 10–26.
31. Fu, H.Q.; Ge, R.; Huang, J.L.; Shi, X.Z. The effect of education on health and health behaviors: Evidence from the college enrollment expansion in China. China Econ. Rev. 2022, 72, 101768.
32. Feng, S.Z.; Xia, X.Y. Heterogeneous firm responses to increases in high-skilled workers: Evidence from China’s college enrollment expansion. China Econ. Rev. 2022, 73, 101791.
33. Fang, C.; Huang, B. The Policy of College Enrollment Expansion and Return on Education of Transfer of Rural Urban Labor Force Estimation of Instrumental Variables: Based on the Design of FRD. China High. Educ. Res. 2021, 6, 44–50.
34. Liu, K.; Guo, F. Urban and Rural Internal Stratification and Access to Higher Education: With an Examination on the Influence of the Higher Education Enrollment Expansion Policy. Res. Educ. Dev. 2020, 40, 22–58.
35. Li, J.G. Ten Bad Influences of More Enrolments in Universities. Hebei Acad. J. 2006, 5, 190–193.
36. Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. Some Opinions of the Ministry of Education on Comprehensively Improving the quality of Higher Education. 2012. Available online: http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A08/s7056/201203/t20120316_146673.html (accessed on 19 June 2024).
37. Ramsøy, N.R.; Herredsvela, K. Abilities, education and occupational choice in Norwegian social structure. J. Soc. Res. 1961, 2, 217–237.
38. White, P.M.; Lee, D.M. Geographic Inequalities and Access to Higher Education: Is the Proximity to Higher Education Institution Associated with the Probability of Attendance in England? Res. High. Educ. 2020, 61, 825–848.
39. Griffith, A.L.; Rothstein, D.S. Can’t get there from here: The decision to apply to a selective college. Econ. Educ. Rev. 2009, 28, 620–628.
40. Spiess, C.K.; Wrohlich, K. Does distance determine who attends a university in Germany. Econ. Educ. Rev. 2010, 29, 470–479.
41. Sá, C.; Florax, R.; Rietveld, P. Does accessibility to higher education matter? Choice behaviour of high school graduates in the Netherlands. Spat. Econ. Anal. 2006, 1, 155–174.
42. Kjellstrøm, C.; Regnér, H. The effects of geographical distance on the decision to enrol in university education. Scand. J. Educ. Res. 1999, 43, 335–348.
43. Helland, H.; Heggen, K. Regional Differences in Higher Educational Choice. Scand. J. Educ. Res. 2017, 62, 884–899.
44. Zhou, B.H. Regional distribution of college enrollment in China under a multiple-principal framework. Int. Rev. Econ. Financ. 2018, 57, 122–133.
45. Liu, H.; Liu, Y.X.; Liu, J.X. An Empirical Study on the Impact of College Enrollment Expansion on Regional Innovation Ability. Heilongjiang Res. High. Educ. 2022, 3, 19–23
1. Frizon, J.A.; Eugenio, T. Recent developments on research in sustainability in higher education management and accounting areas. Int. J. Manag. Educ. 2022, 20, 100709.
2. Aleixo, A.M.; Leal, S.; Azeiteiro, U.M. Conceptualization of sustainable higher education institutions, roles, barriers, and challenges for sustainability: An exploratory study in Portugal. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 172, 1664–1673.
3. Kolb, M.; Frohlich, L.; Schmidpeter, R. Implementing sustainability as the new normal: Responsible management education—From a private business school’s perspective. Int. J. Manag. Educ. 2017, 15, 280–292.
4. Department of Economic and Social Affairs of United Nations. The 17 Goals of Sustainable Development. 2022. Available online: https://sdgs.un.org/goals (accessed on 19 June 2024).
5. Hallinger, P.; Chatpinyakoop, C. A bibliometric review of research on higher education for sustainable development, 1998–2018. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2401.
6. Isenmann, R.; Landwehr-Zloch, S.; Zinn, S. Morphological box for ESD—Landmark for universities implementing education for sustainable development (ESD). Int. J. Manag. Educ. 2020, 18, 100360.
7. Katz, L.F.; Murphy, K.M. Changes in relative wages, 1963–1987: Supply and demand factors. Q. J. Econ. 1992, 107, 35–78.
8. Cho, C.H.; Kim, A.; Rodrigue, M.; Schneider, T. Towards a better understanding of sustainability accounting and management research and teaching in North America: A look at the community. Sustain. Account. Manag. Policy J. 2020, 11, 985–1007.
9. Correa, M.; de Lima, B.V.M.; Martins, V.W.B.; Rampasso, I.S.; Anholon, R.; Quelhas, O.L.G.; Filho, W.L. An analysis of the insertion of sustainability elements in undergraduate design courses offered by Brazilian higher education institutions: An exploratory study. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 272, 122733.
10. Gomes, S.F.; Jorge, S.; Eugenio, T.P. Teaching sustainable development in business sciences degrees: Evidence from Portugal. Sustain. Account. Manag. Policy J. 2020, 12, 611–634.
11. Leal Filho, W.L.; Doni, F.; Vargas, V.R.; Wall, T.; Hindley, A.; Rayman-Bacchus, L.; Emblen-Perry, K.; Boddy, J.; Avila, L.V. The integration of social responsibility and sustainability in practice: Exploring attitudes and practices in Higher Education Institutions. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 220, 152–166.
12. Nave, A.; Franco, M. University-firm cooperation as a way to promote sustainability practices: A sustainable entrepreneurship perspective. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 230, 1188–1196.
13. Peter, F.; Spiess, C.K.; Zambre, V. Informing students about college: Increasing enrollment using a behavioral intervention? J. Econ. Behav. Organ. 2021, 190, 524–549.
14. Henschke, J.A. An International Perspective on Reorienting Traditional Higher Education Institutions toward Lifelong Learning. Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci. 2014, 142, 36–46.
15. Ma, J.; Pender, M.; Welch, M. Education Pays 2016: The Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and Society; Trends in Higher Education Series; College Board: New York, NY, USA, 2016.
16. OECD. Education at a Glance 2014; OECD Publishing: Paris, Fance, 2014.
17. Degol, J.L.; Wang, M.T.; Ye, F.F.; Zhang, C.Y. Who makes the cut? Parental involvement and math trajectories predicting college enrollment. J. Appl. Dev. Psychol. 2017, 50, 60–70.
18. Crawford, J.; Cifuentes-Faura, J. Sustainability in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1879.
19. Wu, L.; Yan, K.; Zhang, Y. Higher education expansion and inequality in educational opportunities in China. High. Educ. 2020, 80, 549–570.
20. Bratti, M.; Checchi, D.; De Blasio, G. Does the Expansion of Higher Education Increase the Equality of Educational Opportunities? Evidence from Italy. Labour 2008, 22, 53–88.
21. Chesters, J.; Watson, L. Understanding the persistence of inequality in higher education: Evidence from Australia. J. Educ. Policy 2013, 28, 198–215.
22. Chang, D.F. Effects of higher education expansion on gender parity: A 65-year trajectory in Taiwan. High. Educ. 2018, 76, 449–466.
23. Huang, X.; Yang, J. China’s Regional Education Inequality Decomposition and Improvement Measures. J. Beijing Inst. Technol. 2012, 14, 150–156.
24. Kleykamp, M. Where did the soldiers go? The effects of military downsizing on college enrollment and employment. Soc. Sci. Res. 2010, 39, 477–490.
25. Gibbs, B.G.; Erickson, L.D.; Dufur, M.J.; Miles, A. Extracurricular associations and college enrollment. Soc. Sci. Res. 2015, 50, 367–381.
26. Sano, S. The effect of student loans on college enrollment: Evidence from municipality panel data in Japan. Jpn. World Econ. 2019, 52, 100979.
27. Avery, C.; Castleman, B.L.; Hurwitz, M.; Long, B.T.; Page, L.C. Digital messaging to improve college enrollment and success. Econ. Educ. Rev. 2021, 84, 102170.
28. Schanzenbach, D.W.; Turner, S. Limited supply and lagging enrollment: Production technologies and enrollment changes at community colleges during the pandemic. J. Public Econ. 2022, 212, 104703.
29. Sart, G. Impact of Higher Education and Globalization on Sustainable Development in the New EU Member States. Sustainability 2022, 14, 11916.
30. Li, H.B.; Ma, Y.Y.; Meng, L.S.; Qiao, X.; Shi, X.Z. Skill complementarities and returns to higher education: Evidence from college enrollment expansion in China. China Econ. Rev. 2017, 46, 10–26.
31. Fu, H.Q.; Ge, R.; Huang, J.L.; Shi, X.Z. The effect of education on health and health behaviors: Evidence from the college enrollment expansion in China. China Econ. Rev. 2022, 72, 101768.
32. Feng, S.Z.; Xia, X.Y. Heterogeneous firm responses to increases in high-skilled workers: Evidence from China’s college enrollment expansion. China Econ. Rev. 2022, 73, 101791.
33. Fang, C.; Huang, B. The Policy of College Enrollment Expansion and Return on Education of Transfer of Rural Urban Labor Force Estimation of Instrumental Variables: Based on the Design of FRD. China High. Educ. Res. 2021, 6, 44–50.
34. Liu, K.; Guo, F. Urban and Rural Internal Stratification and Access to Higher Education: With an Examination on the Influence of the Higher Education Enrollment Expansion Policy. Res. Educ. Dev. 2020, 40, 22–58.
35. Li, J.G. Ten Bad Influences of More Enrolments in Universities. Hebei Acad. J. 2006, 5, 190–193.
36. Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. Some Opinions of the Ministry of Education on Comprehensively Improving the quality of Higher Education. 2012. Available online: http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A08/s7056/201203/t20120316_146673.html (accessed on 19 June 2024).
37. Ramsøy, N.R.; Herredsvela, K. Abilities, education and occupational choice in Norwegian social structure. J. Soc. Res. 1961, 2, 217–237.
38. White, P.M.; Lee, D.M. Geographic Inequalities and Access to Higher Education: Is the Proximity to Higher Education Institution Associated with the Probability of Attendance in England? Res. High. Educ. 2020, 61, 825–848.
39. Griffith, A.L.; Rothstein, D.S. Can’t get there from here: The decision to apply to a selective college. Econ. Educ. Rev. 2009, 28, 620–628.
40. Spiess, C.K.; Wrohlich, K. Does distance determine who attends a university in Germany. Econ. Educ. Rev. 2010, 29, 470–479.
41. Sá, C.; Florax, R.; Rietveld, P. Does accessibility to higher education matter? Choice behaviour of high school graduates in the Netherlands. Spat. Econ. Anal. 2006, 1, 155–174.
42. Kjellstrøm, C.; Regnér, H. The effects of geographical distance on the decision to enrol in university education. Scand. J. Educ. Res. 1999, 43, 335–348.
43. Helland, H.; Heggen, K. Regional Differences in Higher Educational Choice. Scand. J. Educ. Res. 2017, 62, 884–899.
44. Zhou, B.H. Regional distribution of college enrollment in China under a multiple-principal framework. Int. Rev. Econ. Financ. 2018, 57, 122–133.
45. Liu, H.; Liu, Y.X.; Liu, J.X. An Empirical Study on the Impact of College Enrollment Expansion on Regional Innovation Ability. Heilongjiang Res. High. Educ. 2022, 3, 19–23
Published
2024-12-10
How to Cite
Vineet Kumar, Arun Solanki, Vivek Singh Malik, & Pradeep Tomar. (2024). AI based Admission prediction model: Testing & Sustainability. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 24(4), 552 - 560. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v24i4.1448
Issue
Section
Articles
