Impact of Skipping Breakfast and Choosing Calorie-Dense Foods in Obesity Development
Keywords:
obesity, breakfast, skipping, calorie dense, diet
Abstract
Obesity emerges as a major health concern in India, with one in four people being overweight or obese. The study conducted with 50 samples from Northern and Southern states of India to determine which region had a higher prevalence of obesity and to identify the dietary factors leading to obesity. Waist circumference or waist hip ratio was more effective indicators of obesity in which breakfast skipping and dietary preferences were prevalent factors leading to obesity. Breakfast skipping was particularly common among middle-aged people in North India, largely due to lifestyle influences, work agendas, and urban living settings. Skipping leads to overeating later in the day and a tendency to consume energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods, which can exacerbate weight gain and undermine overall health. Preferences for both vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods, high in calories, contribute to increasing obesity rates among South Indians. Therefore, efforts should be taken in promoting balanced diets and regular physical activity through public health education at the government level to alleviate the rising obesity epidemic.References
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31. Ross, R., Neeland, I. J., Yamashita, S., Shai, I., Seidell, J., Magni, P., Santos, R. D., Arsenault, B., Cuevas, A., Hu, F. B., Griffin, B. A., Zambon, A., Barter, P., Fruchart, J. C., Eckel, R. H., Matsuzawa, Y., & Després, J. P. (2020). Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity. Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 16(3), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0310-7.
32. Thampy, M & Kavita, M S. (2019). Effect of Vitamin D and associated nutritional factors on mammographic density of newly diagnosed Breast Cancer subjects. P:165 http://hdl.handle.net/10603/365571
33. Ricotti R, Caputo M, Monzani A, Pigni S, Antoniotti V, Bellone S, Prodam F(2021). Breakfast Skipping, Weight, Cardiometabolic Risk, and Nutrition Quality in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled and Intervention Longitudinal Trials. Nutrients,13(10):3331. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103331
34. Monzani A, Ricotti R, Caputo M, Solito A, Archero F, Bellone S, Prodam F (2019). A Systematic Review of the Association of Skipping Breakfast with Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents. What Should We Better Investigate in the Future? Nutrients: 11(2):387. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020387
2. Bluher, M. (2019). Obesity: Global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 15, 288–298.
3. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015-16 India. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.rchiips.org/nfhs (accessed September 12, 2020).
4. Polednak, A. P. (2008). Estimating the number of U.S. incident cancers attributable to obesity and the impact on temporal trends in incidence rates for obesity-related cancers. Cancer Detection and Prevention, 32(3), 190-199.
5. Sturm, R., & Wells, K. B. (2001). Does obesity contribute as much to morbidity as poverty or smoking? Public Health, 115(3), 229-235.
6. The Times of India. (2023, May 13). https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/study-claims-50-women-in-india-between-30-49-years-of-age-suffer-from-abdominal-obesity-things-they-can-do-to-fight-it/photostory/100244938.cms
7. Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. 1, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305060/
8. WHO (2010). A healthy lifestyle – WHO recommendations. https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/a-healthy-lifestyle---who-recommendations
9. Zazai R, Wilms B, Ernst B, Thurnheer M, Schultes B. Waist circumference and related anthropometric indices are associated with metabolic traits in severely obese subjects. , 2014; 24(5): 777–82. doi: 10.1007/s11695-013-1141-6
10. Kurpad, S. S., Tandon, H., & Srinivasan, K. (2003). Waist circumference correlates better with body mass index than waist-to-hip ratio in Asian Indians. The National medical journal of India, 16(4), 189–192.
11. Chaudhary, M and Sharma, P. (2023). Abdominal obesity in India: analysis of the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019–2021) data, The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia, Volume 14: 100208, ISSN 2772-3682, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100208.
12. Sharma, P and Choudhary, M. (2023). Abdominal obesity in India: analysis of the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019–2021) data. The Lancet, Regional Health South East Asia. Vol:14. P: 100208
13. Inclusive Media for Change Jul 19, 2022. Consumption of Non-Veg Food Items Has Risen Since 2015-16, Points Out Nfhs-5 Data
14. Satija, A., Hu, F. B., Bowen, L., Bharathi, A. V., Vaz, M., Prabhakaran, D., Reddy, K. S., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Davey Smith, G., Kinra, S., & Ebrahim, S. (2015). Dietary patterns in India and their association with obesity and central obesity. Public health nutrition, 18(16), 3031–3041. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980015000312
15. Luhar, S., Mallinson, P. A. C., Clarke, L., & Kinra, S. (2018). Trends in the socioeconomic patterning of overweight/obesity in India: A repeated cross-sectional study using nationally representative data. BMJ Open, 8(10), e023935. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023935
16. Kang, Y., Kang, M. & Lim, H. (2024). Age-specific association between meal-skipping patterns and the risk of hyperglycemia in Korean adults: a national cross-sectional study using the KNHANES data. BMC Public Health 24, 1697. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18762-w.
17. Arora, M., Nazar, G.P., Gupta, V.K. et al., (2012). Association of breakfast intake with obesity, dietary and physical activity behavior among urban school-aged adolescents in Delhi, India: results of a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 12, 881. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-881.
18. Zeballos, E., & Todd, J. E. (2020). The effects of skipping a meal on daily energy intake and diet quality. Public Health Nutrition, 23(18), 3346–3355. doi:10.1017/S1368980020000683
19. Holmback I., Ericson U., Gullberg B., Wirfalt E. A high eating frequency is associated with an overall healthy lifestyle in middle-aged men and women and reduced likelihood of general and central obesity in men. Br. J. Nutr. 2010; 104:1065–1073. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510001753.
20. Mascarenhas, A. (2024, June 27). Lancet study says half of Indians physically unfit: What should you do to get off the mark now? The Indian Express. Retrievedfrom9415383/#:~:text=More%20women%20(57%20per%20cent,49.4%20per%20cent%20in%20202https://indianexpress.com/article/health-wellness/indians-physically-unfit-lancet-study
21. Paoli, A., Tinsley, G., Bianco, A., & Moro, T. (2019). The Influence of Meal Frequency and Timing on Health in Humans: The Role of Fasting. Nutrients, 11(4), 719. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040719
22. Mattson M.P., Allison D.B., Fontana L., Harvie M., Longo V.D., Malaisse W.J., Mosley M., Notterpek L., Ravussin E., Scheer F.A., et al. Meal frequency and timing in health and disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2014; 111:16647–16653. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1413965111.
23. Ma Y., Bertone E.R., Stanek E.J., 3rd, Reed G.W., Hebert J.R., Cohen N.L., Merriam P.A., Ockene I.S. 2003.Association between eating patterns and obesity in a free-living us adult population. Am. J. Epidemiol.158:85–92. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwg117.
24. India Today, Mar 11, 2024. Veg or non-veg? Are Indians settling the debate through their wallet? https://www.indiatoday.in/sunday-special/story/veg-food-indians-non-veg-food-protein-cereals-protein-carbohydrates-debate-2507466-2024-03-10
25. Nagavarapu, S. Jan 30, 2024. https://scroll.in/article/1062719/how-i-became-a-non-vegetarian-lessons-from-indias-diverse-food-systems
26. Rediff.com, February 23, 2024. India Is A Meat-Eating Country
27. Singh, G., Agrawal, R., Tripathi, N., & Verma, A. (2023). Overweight and obesity, the clock ticking in India? A secondary analysis of trends of prevalence, patterns, and predictors from 2005 to 2020 using the National Family Health Survey. International Journal of Noncommunicable Diseases, 8(1), 31–45. https://doi.org/10.4103/jncd.jncd_58_22
28. Rai, R. K., Kumar, C., Singh, L., Singh, P. K., Acharya, S. K., & Singh, S. (2021). Rising burden of overweight and obesity among Indian adults: empirical insights for public health preparedness. Journal of Biosocial Science, 53(5), 709–723. doi:10.1017/S0021932020000486
29. Conzuelo F, Gamella M, Campuzano S, Ruiz MA, Reviejo AJ, Pingarrón JM (2010). An Integrated Amperometric Biosensor for the Determination of Lactose in Milk and Dairy Products. J Agric Food Chem. Jan-Apr;33(1):35-42.
30. Lowden A, Moreno C, Holmbäck U, Lennernäs M, Tucker PSc. (2010) Eating and shift work – effects on habits, metabolism and performance. J Work Environ Health. Mar;36(2):150-62. Epub 2010 Feb 9.
31. Ross, R., Neeland, I. J., Yamashita, S., Shai, I., Seidell, J., Magni, P., Santos, R. D., Arsenault, B., Cuevas, A., Hu, F. B., Griffin, B. A., Zambon, A., Barter, P., Fruchart, J. C., Eckel, R. H., Matsuzawa, Y., & Després, J. P. (2020). Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity. Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 16(3), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0310-7.
32. Thampy, M & Kavita, M S. (2019). Effect of Vitamin D and associated nutritional factors on mammographic density of newly diagnosed Breast Cancer subjects. P:165 http://hdl.handle.net/10603/365571
33. Ricotti R, Caputo M, Monzani A, Pigni S, Antoniotti V, Bellone S, Prodam F(2021). Breakfast Skipping, Weight, Cardiometabolic Risk, and Nutrition Quality in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled and Intervention Longitudinal Trials. Nutrients,13(10):3331. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103331
34. Monzani A, Ricotti R, Caputo M, Solito A, Archero F, Bellone S, Prodam F (2019). A Systematic Review of the Association of Skipping Breakfast with Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents. What Should We Better Investigate in the Future? Nutrients: 11(2):387. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020387
Published
2024-09-04
How to Cite
Anjaly Jose, & Dr. Megha Thampy. (2024). Impact of Skipping Breakfast and Choosing Calorie-Dense Foods in Obesity Development. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(1), 2931 - 2939. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v25i1.1430
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