Molecular Characterization Of HBC and HBS In Hepatitis B Virus Infections: The Role Of Interleukin-6 (Il-6) In Immune Response In Thi-Qar Governorate
Keywords:
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hbc Antigen, Hbs Antigen, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Immune Response, Thi-Qar Governorate, Chronic Liver Disease, Cytokine Profiles, Liver Fibrosis, Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major global health concern, leading to chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma. This study focuses on the molecular characterization of the viral markers Hbc and Hbs and their correlation with the immune marker Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in hepatitis B patients. The study aims to provide insights into the immunological response of patients in Thi-Qar Governorate, Iraq. A total of 120 patients were analyzed, and IL-6 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed a significant correlation between elevated levels of Hbc and Hbs and high IL-6 concentrations, suggesting a key role of IL-6 in the immune response to HBV infections.
References
1. World Health Organization. (2022). Hepatitis B. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b
2. Tanaka, T., Narazaki, M., & Kishimoto, T. (2014). IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 6(10), a016295. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a016295
3. Wang, L., Zhang, S., & Yu, Z. (2020). The role of IL-6 in chronic hepatitis B infection: A review. Journal of Hepatology Research, 58(2), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hepres.2020.02.012
4. Yu, H., Yang, S., & Zhao, Y. (2021). IL-6 and hepatocellular carcinoma risk in chronic HBV patients. Liver International, 44(3), 245-256. https://doi.org/10.1002/liv.2021.1044
5. Zhang, W., Liu, Y., & Wu, J. (2021). Molecular markers and cytokines in hepatitis B infection. Journal of Clinical Immunology, 39(5), 204-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-021-00934-6
6. Zhang, C., Yuan, W., He, Z., & Lu, H. (2019). Cytokine profiles in patients with different types of chronic hepatitis B. BMC Immunology, 20(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12865-019-0295-3
7. Chen, G. F., Xia, Z. L., & Shao, J. J. (2020). Immune response and liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B infection. Hepatology International, 14(3), 240-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-020-10019-9
8. Park, S. H., Lee, J. Y., & Kim, D. H. (2018). The interplay between HBV antigens and cytokines in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B. Immunological Reviews, 285(1), 56-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.2018.285
9. Li, X., Li, Y., & Liang, Z. (2020). IL-6 as a prognostic marker in patients with HBV-related liver diseases. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 222(5), 832-842. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz324
10. Zhao, J., Sun, Y., & Yang, X. (2019). The role of cytokines in chronic hepatitis B and their association with liver fibrosis. Journal of Immunology, 202(6), 199-212. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1901132
11. Thompson, A. J., & Locarnini, S. A. (2021). Molecular virology and immune responses in HBV infections. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 18(2), 69-82. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-021-00406-5
12. Guan, M. J., Lu, Z., & Wang, P. P. (2022). Hepatitis B virus, cytokines, and liver fibrosis: A critical review. Liver Pathology, 49(3), 301-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lpath.2022.07.005
13. Friedman, S. L., Neuschwander-Tetri, B. A., & Rinella, M. (2018). Mechanisms of hepatic fibrosis and emerging therapies in HBV-related liver disease. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 17(8), 463-477. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2018.73
14. Zhuang, Y., Jin, F., & Zhao, Y. (2020). Cytokines as biomarkers for inflammation and liver fibrosis in chronic HBV infection. Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology, 8(2), 219-228. https://doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2020.00038
15. Erhardt, A., & Gerken, G. (2021). Chronic hepatitis B and C infections: Interaction between cytokines and viral markers. Hepatology Clinics, 20(4), 309-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hepclin.2021.05.003
16. Lan, Y., Huang, J., & Li, W. (2021). Role of interleukins in modulating immune responses to hepatitis B virus. Immunotherapy, 13(6), 525-534. https://doi.org/10.2217/imt-2021-0057
17. Kang, W., Xu, F., & Gu, Y. (2020). Role of IL-6 in hepatic stellate cells activation and HBV-related liver fibrosis. Journal of Immunology Research, 2020(1), 253-264. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7585047
2. Tanaka, T., Narazaki, M., & Kishimoto, T. (2014). IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 6(10), a016295. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a016295
3. Wang, L., Zhang, S., & Yu, Z. (2020). The role of IL-6 in chronic hepatitis B infection: A review. Journal of Hepatology Research, 58(2), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hepres.2020.02.012
4. Yu, H., Yang, S., & Zhao, Y. (2021). IL-6 and hepatocellular carcinoma risk in chronic HBV patients. Liver International, 44(3), 245-256. https://doi.org/10.1002/liv.2021.1044
5. Zhang, W., Liu, Y., & Wu, J. (2021). Molecular markers and cytokines in hepatitis B infection. Journal of Clinical Immunology, 39(5), 204-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-021-00934-6
6. Zhang, C., Yuan, W., He, Z., & Lu, H. (2019). Cytokine profiles in patients with different types of chronic hepatitis B. BMC Immunology, 20(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12865-019-0295-3
7. Chen, G. F., Xia, Z. L., & Shao, J. J. (2020). Immune response and liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B infection. Hepatology International, 14(3), 240-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-020-10019-9
8. Park, S. H., Lee, J. Y., & Kim, D. H. (2018). The interplay between HBV antigens and cytokines in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B. Immunological Reviews, 285(1), 56-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.2018.285
9. Li, X., Li, Y., & Liang, Z. (2020). IL-6 as a prognostic marker in patients with HBV-related liver diseases. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 222(5), 832-842. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz324
10. Zhao, J., Sun, Y., & Yang, X. (2019). The role of cytokines in chronic hepatitis B and their association with liver fibrosis. Journal of Immunology, 202(6), 199-212. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1901132
11. Thompson, A. J., & Locarnini, S. A. (2021). Molecular virology and immune responses in HBV infections. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 18(2), 69-82. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-021-00406-5
12. Guan, M. J., Lu, Z., & Wang, P. P. (2022). Hepatitis B virus, cytokines, and liver fibrosis: A critical review. Liver Pathology, 49(3), 301-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lpath.2022.07.005
13. Friedman, S. L., Neuschwander-Tetri, B. A., & Rinella, M. (2018). Mechanisms of hepatic fibrosis and emerging therapies in HBV-related liver disease. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 17(8), 463-477. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2018.73
14. Zhuang, Y., Jin, F., & Zhao, Y. (2020). Cytokines as biomarkers for inflammation and liver fibrosis in chronic HBV infection. Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology, 8(2), 219-228. https://doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2020.00038
15. Erhardt, A., & Gerken, G. (2021). Chronic hepatitis B and C infections: Interaction between cytokines and viral markers. Hepatology Clinics, 20(4), 309-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hepclin.2021.05.003
16. Lan, Y., Huang, J., & Li, W. (2021). Role of interleukins in modulating immune responses to hepatitis B virus. Immunotherapy, 13(6), 525-534. https://doi.org/10.2217/imt-2021-0057
17. Kang, W., Xu, F., & Gu, Y. (2020). Role of IL-6 in hepatic stellate cells activation and HBV-related liver fibrosis. Journal of Immunology Research, 2020(1), 253-264. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7585047
Published
2024-09-30
How to Cite
Ghassan Haikel Abedallah Almosa, & Meysam Abtahi. (2024). Molecular Characterization Of HBC and HBS In Hepatitis B Virus Infections: The Role Of Interleukin-6 (Il-6) In Immune Response In Thi-Qar Governorate. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(1), 2000-2002. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v25i1.1066
Issue
Section
Articles
