Chitosan And Its Derivatives: Unveiling Their Potential In Anti-Diabetic Therapy

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus, the most prevalent endocrine disorder, is characterized by chronic high blood sugar due to inadequate insulin production or insulin resistance. Despite advances in treatment, diabetes remains a major contributor to global morbidity and mortality, and currently, there is no definitive cure or preventive measure available. Given the long-term negative impacts of the disease, traditional pharmacological treatments are often insufficient for prolonged management. In contrast, chitosan and its derivatives offer significant promise in various medical applications due to their diverse biological activities. They exhibit notable anti-diabetic properties, such as inhibiting α-amylase and α-glycosidase activities, enhancing glucose metabolism, and alleviating β-cell dysfunction. These compounds help preserve pancreatic cell integrity, boost insulin secretion, reduce insulin resistance, and improve gut microbiota balance, thereby effectively mitigating diabetes and hyperglycemia. Moreover, chitosan and its monomers, like chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) and glucosamine, have shown strong effects in reducing fat accumulation, lowering cholesterol levels, and modulating pancreatic beta cell development. Studies also indicate that chemical modifications to these molecules can further enhance their efficacy, shedding light on the mechanisms behind their anti-diabetic benefits. Overall, the evidence highlights the potential of chitosan-based compounds as powerful neutraceuticals for both preventing and treating diabetes and its related complications.