The Effect of Biofloc Technology on the Growth of Ornamental Fish C. auratus (Goldfish)
Keywords:
C.auratus (Goldfish), TAN, Biofloc technology, zero-water exchange
Abstract
Biofloc technology is based on microbial activities that immobilise nitrogen and carbon. The current study sought to maintain water quality while improving the production performance of C.auratus (Goldfish) in a zero-water exchange biofloc system. 30 C. auratus (Goldfish) were placed in each treatment and control tank in triplicate and fed a designed food at a rate of 3% of body mass daily. In control-2, 50% of the water was exchanged weekly in accordance with industry standards, while no water was swapped in control-1 and the treatment. Depending on the percentage of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in the water, molasses was added as a carbon source to the treatment tanks to maintain a C:N ratio of 20:1.The water quality in the biofloc treatment, control-1, and control-2 was suitable for C.auratus (Goldfish).TAN and pH levels were considerably higher in tanks with no water exchange (P < 0.05). The biofloc treatment significantly increased weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate, ultimate weight, and length of C.auratus (Goldfish) compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Fish grown in the biofloc treatment exhibited a much brighter red body and fin colour than the controls. In zero-water exchange culture systems, biofloc technology can be used to maintain water quality while also improving C.auratus (Goldfish) productivity.
References
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8. Chen, K., Erhao, L., Chang. X. & Che, L. (2015). Evaluation of different lipid sources in diet of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei at low salinity. Aquaculture Reports, 2: 163-168.
9. Crab R., Chielens B., Wille M., Bossier P., Verstraete W. (2010). The effect of different carbon sources on the nutritional value of bioflocs, a feed for Macrobrachium rosenbergii postlarvae.Aquaculture Research, 41: 559 567.
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13. Dauda A.B., Romano N., Ebrahimi M., Teh J.C., Ajadi A., Chong C.M., Karim M., Natrah I., Kamarudin M.S. (2018). Influence of carbon/nitrogen ratios on biofloc production and biochemical composition and subsequent effects on the growth, physiological status and disease resistance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) cultured in glycerol-based biofloc systems. Aquaculture, 483: 120-130.
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15. Ekasari J., Zairin J.M., Putri D.U., Sari N.P., Surawidjaja E.H., Bossier P. (2015). Biofloc‐based reproductive performance of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus broodstock. Aquaculture Research, 46: 509-512.
16. Emerenciano M.G.C., Martínez-Córdova L.R., Martínez Porchas M., Miranda-Baeza. (2017). Biofloc technology (BFT): a tool for water quality management in aquaculture. Water quality, 5: 92-109.
17. Export Development Board (EDB) (2023). Aquarium Fish Export Performance, Sri Lanka 2013-2023. https://www.srilankabusiness.com/aquarium-fish/ aquarium-export-performance.html.
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19. Hargreaves J.A. (2013). Biofloc production systems for aquaculture. Stoneville, MS: Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. 11 p.
20. Harini, C., Rajagopalasamy ,C.B.T., Kumar, J.S.S., & Santhakumar, R. (2016). Role of biofloc in the growth and survival of blue morph, Pseudotropheus saulosi. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9: 1-7.
21. Harini, C., Rajagopalasamy ,C.B.T., Kumar, J.S.S., & Santhakumar, R. (2016). Role of biofloc in the growth and survival of blue morph, Pseudotropheus saulosi. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9: 1-7.
22. Homer, G.H, Rosenthal, H., & Kruner, G.(1987). Fluctuation of water quality during the experimental rearing of juvenile Sarotherodon galilaeus. J Aquac Trop. 2:273–6.
23. Ip Y.K., Chew S.F. (2010). Ammonia production, excretion, toxicity, and defense in fish: A Review. Frontiers in Physiology, 4: 134.
24. Jesus,P, Carlos, A. Martinez, P., & Lindsay, G. (1997). The effects of salinity and temperature on the growth and survival rates of juvenile white shrimp Penaeus vannamei, Boone, 1931. Aquaculture. 157: 107-155.
25. Ju Z.Y., Forster I., Conquest L., Dominy W. (2008). Enhanced growth effects on shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) from inclusion of whole shrimp floc or floc fractions to a formulated diet. Aquaculture Nutrition, 14: 533-543.
26. Khanjani, M. H., & Sharifinia, M. (2020). Biofloc technology as a promising tool to improve aquaculture production. Reviews in aquaculture, 12(3), 1836-1850.
27. Kim, M., Jeong, S.Y., Yoon, S.J., Cho, S.J., Kim, Y.H., Kim, M.J., Ryu, E.Y., Lee, S.J.(2008);. Aerobic denitrification of Pseudomonas putida AD-21 at different C/N ratios. J Biosci Bioeng. 106:498–502.
28. Kim, M., Jeong, S.Y., Yoon, S.J., Cho, S.J., Kim, Y.H., Kim, M.J., Ryu, E.Y., Lee, S.J.(2008);. Aerobic denitrification of Pseudomonas putida AD-21 at different C/N ratios. J Biosci Bioeng. 106:498–502.
29. Kishawy A.T.Y., Sewid A.H., Nada H.S., Kamel M.A., El Mandrawy S.A.M., Abdelhakim T.M.N., El-Murr A.E.I., Nahhas N.E., Hozzein W.N., Ibrahim D. (2020). Mannanoligosaccharides as a carbon source in Biofloc boost dietary plant protein and water quality, growth, immunity and Aeromonas hydrophila resistance in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Animals, 10: 1724.
30. Lim, Y.H.F. (2018). Performance of freshwater ornamental fish in a biofloc system reared at various stocking densities. Major Project Report, Diploma in Veterinary Technology, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore.128 p.
31. Linnaeus C. System a naturae per regna trinaturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum charac teribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus 1. Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii; 1758.
32. Mahanand, S.S., Moulick, S. & Srinivasa Rao, P. Optimum formulation of feed for rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), with biofloc as a component. Aquacult Int 21, 347–360 (2013).
33. Minabi K., Sourinejad I., Alizadeh M., Ghatrami E.R., Khanjani M.H. (2020). Effects of different carbon to nitrogen ratios in the biofloc system on water quality, growth, and body composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. International, 28: 1883-1898.
34. Ogle, J.T., Beaugez, K., Lotz, J.M., 1992. Effects of salinity on survival and growth of postlarval Penaeus vannamei. Gulf Res. Rep. 8, 415–421.
35. Panigrahi A., Sundaram M., Chakrapani S., Rajasekar S., Syama Dayal J., Chavali G. (2019). Effect of carbon and nitrogen ratio (C: N) manipulation on the production performance and immunity of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a biofloc‐based rearing system. Aquaculture Research, 50: 29-41.
36. Rajkumar M., Pandey P.K., Aravind R., Vennila A., Bharti V., Purushothaman C.S. (2016). Effect of different biofloc systems on water quality, biofloc composition, and growth performance in Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). Aquaculture Research, 47: 3432-3444.
37. Sales ,J., Janssens, G.P.J.(2003). Nutrient requirements of ornamental fish. Aquatic Living Resources. 16(6):533–40.
38. Schneider O., Sereti V., Eding E.H., & Verreth J.A.J. (2005). Analysis of nutrient flows in integrated intensive aquaculture systems. Aquacultural Engineering 32: 379-401.
39. Tovar, A., Moreno, C., Mánuel-Vez, M. P., & Garcı́a-Vargas, M. (2000). Environmental impacts of intensive aquaculture in marine waters. Water Research, 34(1), 334-342.
40. Van Wyk P., Davishodgkins M., Laramore R., Main K.L., Mountain J., & Scarpa J. ( 1999). Farming marine shrimp in recirculating freshwater systems. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Tallahassee. 21 p.
41. Wang G., Yu E., Xie J., Yu D., Li Z., Luo W., Qiu L., Zheng Z. (2015). Effect of C:N ratio on water quality in zero-water exchange tanks and the biofloc supplementation in feed on the growth performance of crucian carp, Carassius auratus. Aquaculture, 443: 98 104.
42. Wang, X., Ermeng, Y.u, Jun, X., Deguang, Y.u, Zhifei, L.I, Wen Luo, L., Qiu, Zonglin Z.(2015b).Effect of C/N ratio on water quality in zero-water exchange tanks and the biofloc supplementation in feed on the growth performance of crucian carp, Carassius auratus, Aquaculture,443: 98-104.
43. Wang. X., Ma, M., Dong, S and Cao, M. (2004). Effects of salinity and dietary carbohydrate levels on growth and energy budget of juvenile L.vannamei. Journal of Shell fish Research.23: 231-236.
44. Wasielsky, J.r. W., Atwood, H., Stokes, A. and Browdy, C.L. (2006). Effect of natural production in a zero exchange suspended microbial floc based super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture.258: 396- 403.
45. Zhang, P., Zhang, X., Li, J., & Huang, G. (2006). The effects of body weight, temperature, salinity, pH, light intensity and feeding condition on lethal DO levels of whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). Aquaculture, 256(1-4), 579-587.
2. Avnimelech Y.(1999). Carbon/Nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture. 176(3–4):227–235.
3. Avnimelech Y., Kochba M. (2009). Evaluation of nitrogen uptake and excretion by tilapia in bio floc tanks, using 15N tracing. Aquaculture, 287: 163-168.
4. Avnimelech, Y. (2012). Bio-floc technology – A practical guide book. The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. 1-594.
5. Azim M.E., Little D.C. (2008). The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 283: 29-35.
6. Bakhshi F., Najdegerami E.H., Manaffar R., Tukmechi A., Farah K.R. (2018). Use of different carbon sources for the biofloc system during the grow-out culture of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. Aquaculture, 484: 259-267.
7. Boyd, C.E. (1985). Chemical budget for channel catfish ponds. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 114: 291 - 298.
8. Chen, K., Erhao, L., Chang. X. & Che, L. (2015). Evaluation of different lipid sources in diet of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei at low salinity. Aquaculture Reports, 2: 163-168.
9. Crab R., Chielens B., Wille M., Bossier P., Verstraete W. (2010). The effect of different carbon sources on the nutritional value of bioflocs, a feed for Macrobrachium rosenbergii postlarvae.Aquaculture Research, 41: 559 567.
10. da Cunha L., Bese, K.P., Ha N., Uczay J., Skoronski E., Fabregat T.E.H.P. (2020). Biofloc technology (BFT) improves skin pigmentation of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Aquaculture, 522: 735132.
11. Daniels, H.V.,& Boyd, C.E.(1989). Chemical budgets for polyethyl ene-lined brackish water ponds. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society.20(2):53–60.
12. Das, K. & Mandal, A. (2021). Supplementation of biofloc in carp ( Cyprinus carpio var. Communis ) culture as a potential tool of resource management in aquaculture. Aquatic Living Resources. 34. 10-20.
13. Dauda A.B., Romano N., Ebrahimi M., Teh J.C., Ajadi A., Chong C.M., Karim M., Natrah I., Kamarudin M.S. (2018). Influence of carbon/nitrogen ratios on biofloc production and biochemical composition and subsequent effects on the growth, physiological status and disease resistance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) cultured in glycerol-based biofloc systems. Aquaculture, 483: 120-130.
14. Deocampo Jr. J.E., Fenol J.T., Yerro E.B.S., Pakingking Jr. R.V., Caipang C.M.A. (2021). Biofloc technology (BFT): a promising approach for the intensive production of ornamental fish. Poeciliid Research, 11: 18-24.
15. Ekasari J., Zairin J.M., Putri D.U., Sari N.P., Surawidjaja E.H., Bossier P. (2015). Biofloc‐based reproductive performance of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus broodstock. Aquaculture Research, 46: 509-512.
16. Emerenciano M.G.C., Martínez-Córdova L.R., Martínez Porchas M., Miranda-Baeza. (2017). Biofloc technology (BFT): a tool for water quality management in aquaculture. Water quality, 5: 92-109.
17. Export Development Board (EDB) (2023). Aquarium Fish Export Performance, Sri Lanka 2013-2023. https://www.srilankabusiness.com/aquarium-fish/ aquarium-export-performance.html.
18. Fabiane, S., Gaona, Carlos, F., Plínio & Poersch, Luís & Wasielesky, W. (2015). Use of different carbon sources for the biofloc system adopted during the nursery and grow-out culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture International, 23
19. Hargreaves J.A. (2013). Biofloc production systems for aquaculture. Stoneville, MS: Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. 11 p.
20. Harini, C., Rajagopalasamy ,C.B.T., Kumar, J.S.S., & Santhakumar, R. (2016). Role of biofloc in the growth and survival of blue morph, Pseudotropheus saulosi. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9: 1-7.
21. Harini, C., Rajagopalasamy ,C.B.T., Kumar, J.S.S., & Santhakumar, R. (2016). Role of biofloc in the growth and survival of blue morph, Pseudotropheus saulosi. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9: 1-7.
22. Homer, G.H, Rosenthal, H., & Kruner, G.(1987). Fluctuation of water quality during the experimental rearing of juvenile Sarotherodon galilaeus. J Aquac Trop. 2:273–6.
23. Ip Y.K., Chew S.F. (2010). Ammonia production, excretion, toxicity, and defense in fish: A Review. Frontiers in Physiology, 4: 134.
24. Jesus,P, Carlos, A. Martinez, P., & Lindsay, G. (1997). The effects of salinity and temperature on the growth and survival rates of juvenile white shrimp Penaeus vannamei, Boone, 1931. Aquaculture. 157: 107-155.
25. Ju Z.Y., Forster I., Conquest L., Dominy W. (2008). Enhanced growth effects on shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) from inclusion of whole shrimp floc or floc fractions to a formulated diet. Aquaculture Nutrition, 14: 533-543.
26. Khanjani, M. H., & Sharifinia, M. (2020). Biofloc technology as a promising tool to improve aquaculture production. Reviews in aquaculture, 12(3), 1836-1850.
27. Kim, M., Jeong, S.Y., Yoon, S.J., Cho, S.J., Kim, Y.H., Kim, M.J., Ryu, E.Y., Lee, S.J.(2008);. Aerobic denitrification of Pseudomonas putida AD-21 at different C/N ratios. J Biosci Bioeng. 106:498–502.
28. Kim, M., Jeong, S.Y., Yoon, S.J., Cho, S.J., Kim, Y.H., Kim, M.J., Ryu, E.Y., Lee, S.J.(2008);. Aerobic denitrification of Pseudomonas putida AD-21 at different C/N ratios. J Biosci Bioeng. 106:498–502.
29. Kishawy A.T.Y., Sewid A.H., Nada H.S., Kamel M.A., El Mandrawy S.A.M., Abdelhakim T.M.N., El-Murr A.E.I., Nahhas N.E., Hozzein W.N., Ibrahim D. (2020). Mannanoligosaccharides as a carbon source in Biofloc boost dietary plant protein and water quality, growth, immunity and Aeromonas hydrophila resistance in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Animals, 10: 1724.
30. Lim, Y.H.F. (2018). Performance of freshwater ornamental fish in a biofloc system reared at various stocking densities. Major Project Report, Diploma in Veterinary Technology, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore.128 p.
31. Linnaeus C. System a naturae per regna trinaturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum charac teribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus 1. Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii; 1758.
32. Mahanand, S.S., Moulick, S. & Srinivasa Rao, P. Optimum formulation of feed for rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), with biofloc as a component. Aquacult Int 21, 347–360 (2013).
33. Minabi K., Sourinejad I., Alizadeh M., Ghatrami E.R., Khanjani M.H. (2020). Effects of different carbon to nitrogen ratios in the biofloc system on water quality, growth, and body composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. International, 28: 1883-1898.
34. Ogle, J.T., Beaugez, K., Lotz, J.M., 1992. Effects of salinity on survival and growth of postlarval Penaeus vannamei. Gulf Res. Rep. 8, 415–421.
35. Panigrahi A., Sundaram M., Chakrapani S., Rajasekar S., Syama Dayal J., Chavali G. (2019). Effect of carbon and nitrogen ratio (C: N) manipulation on the production performance and immunity of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a biofloc‐based rearing system. Aquaculture Research, 50: 29-41.
36. Rajkumar M., Pandey P.K., Aravind R., Vennila A., Bharti V., Purushothaman C.S. (2016). Effect of different biofloc systems on water quality, biofloc composition, and growth performance in Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). Aquaculture Research, 47: 3432-3444.
37. Sales ,J., Janssens, G.P.J.(2003). Nutrient requirements of ornamental fish. Aquatic Living Resources. 16(6):533–40.
38. Schneider O., Sereti V., Eding E.H., & Verreth J.A.J. (2005). Analysis of nutrient flows in integrated intensive aquaculture systems. Aquacultural Engineering 32: 379-401.
39. Tovar, A., Moreno, C., Mánuel-Vez, M. P., & Garcı́a-Vargas, M. (2000). Environmental impacts of intensive aquaculture in marine waters. Water Research, 34(1), 334-342.
40. Van Wyk P., Davishodgkins M., Laramore R., Main K.L., Mountain J., & Scarpa J. ( 1999). Farming marine shrimp in recirculating freshwater systems. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Tallahassee. 21 p.
41. Wang G., Yu E., Xie J., Yu D., Li Z., Luo W., Qiu L., Zheng Z. (2015). Effect of C:N ratio on water quality in zero-water exchange tanks and the biofloc supplementation in feed on the growth performance of crucian carp, Carassius auratus. Aquaculture, 443: 98 104.
42. Wang, X., Ermeng, Y.u, Jun, X., Deguang, Y.u, Zhifei, L.I, Wen Luo, L., Qiu, Zonglin Z.(2015b).Effect of C/N ratio on water quality in zero-water exchange tanks and the biofloc supplementation in feed on the growth performance of crucian carp, Carassius auratus, Aquaculture,443: 98-104.
43. Wang. X., Ma, M., Dong, S and Cao, M. (2004). Effects of salinity and dietary carbohydrate levels on growth and energy budget of juvenile L.vannamei. Journal of Shell fish Research.23: 231-236.
44. Wasielsky, J.r. W., Atwood, H., Stokes, A. and Browdy, C.L. (2006). Effect of natural production in a zero exchange suspended microbial floc based super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture.258: 396- 403.
45. Zhang, P., Zhang, X., Li, J., & Huang, G. (2006). The effects of body weight, temperature, salinity, pH, light intensity and feeding condition on lethal DO levels of whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). Aquaculture, 256(1-4), 579-587.
Published
2024-10-11
How to Cite
Sushma Kumari, Praveen Tamot, Vipin Vyas, Ratnakar Mishra, & Aditay Prasad. (2024). The Effect of Biofloc Technology on the Growth of Ornamental Fish C. auratus (Goldfish). Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(2), 1717-1725. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v25i2.1947
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Articles
