Isolation And Identification Of Microorganisms From Homing Pigeon Droppings (Columba Livia Domestica)
Keywords:
Pigeon dropping powder, Microbial load, Biochemical tests, Serial dilution, Bacteria, Fungi.
Abstract
The homing pigeon is a variety of domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica), selectively bred for its ability to find its way home over extremely long distance. The homing pigeon droppings are vehicle of diseases both for humans and other animal species. The present study aims to isolate and identify microorganisms in pigeon droppings collected from the households of pigeon breeders in different places. The collected pigeon droppings were powdered. Bacteria were isolated from pigeon dropping powder by using nutrient agar. The isolated bacteria were identified on the basis of their colony characteristics, morphology, Gram’s staining, microscopy and biochemical test. Microbial load of pigeon droppings was calculating by cfu/gm of samples. The maximum number of bacterial population was exhibited in dilution 10-4 which ranged from 76×105 cfu/ml different bacteria isolate of Campylobacter sp., Salmonella sp., and Micrococcus sp., was observed. Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) is used for fungal isolation. The maximum number of fungal population was exhibited in dilution 10-3 which ranged from 155×104 cfu/ml different fungus colonies of Fusarium sp., Candida sp., was observed. It was determined that homing pigeon droppings pose a potential human health risk. The accumulation of pigeon droppings constitutes a public health danger and causes diseases.
References
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26. Kwang, S. O., & Soo, M. H. (2005). Isolation and Characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans from Environmental Sources in Busan. Korean Society of Mycology,33: 188-19.
27. Levi, W. (1997). The Pigeon Sumter, S.C. Levi Publishing Company, Inc, p. 524.
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29. Magnino, S., Huang, C. P., & Lavernburg, G. (2011). Impacts of bird droppings and deicing salts on highway structures: Monitoring, Diagnosis, Prevention. Delaware: University of Delaware.
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31. Millar, B. C., Xu, J. & Moore, J. E. (2007). Molecular Diagnostics of Medically Important Bacterial Infections. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 9: 21-403.
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36. Parija, S.C., & Prabhakar, P.K. (1995). Evaluation of lacto-phenol cotton blue for wet mount preparation of feces. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 33, 1019/1021
37. Parvez, MNH., Akter, MTD., & Sarder, MJU. (2016). Phenotypic characteristics and biometrical study of different breeds of pigeon in Northern Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 14(2):135-139.
38. Rajab, N. N., & Ramadan, N.A. (2023). Characterization and Isolation of Fungi from Domestic Pigeon Droppings in the Governorate of Erbil and its Suburban Area. AL-mukhtar journal of sciences 38(4):342-350.
39. Sari, B., Karatepe, B., Karatepe, M., & Kara, M. (2008). Parasites of domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) and wild (Columba livia livia) pigeons in Niğde, Turkey. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 52: 551-554.
40. Santos, H.M., Tasi, C.Y., Catulin, G.E.M., Trangia, K.C.G., Tayo, L.L., Liu, H.J., Chuang, K.P. (2020). Common bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases in Pigeon (Columba livia): A review of diagnostic and and treatment strategies. Veterinary Microbiology, 247,108779.
41. Shah, S.S., Birnbaum, BA., Jacobs, J.E. (2001). Disseminated aspergillosis inciting intestinal ischaemia and obstruction. British Journal of Radiology, 74:1145–7. doi: 10.1259/The British Journal of Radiology.74.888.741145. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
42. Soltani, M., Bayat, M., Hashemi, S.J., Zia, M., & Pestechian, N. (2013). Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans and other opportunistic fungi from pigeon droppings. Journal of Research Medical Science. Jan; 18(1): 56–60.
43.Tanaka, C., Miyazawa, T., Watarai, M. and Ishiguro, N. (2005). Bacteriologiological survey of feces from feral pigeons in Japan. Journal of veterinary Medical Science. 67(9): 951-953.
44. Thamidela Sirisha., Pinjari Aleem Basha & Bommana Kavitha. (2017). Isolation and characterization of pathogenic bacteria from Kundu river water of Nandyal, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India. J. Applied Sci., 17: 475-481.
45. Talazadeh, F., Ghorbanpoor, M., & Masoudinezhad, M. (2023). Phylogenetic analysis of pathogenic Candida spp. in domestic pigeons. Veterinary Research Forum, 14(8) 431- 436.
46.Tell, L.A. (2005). Asperhillosis in mammals and birds:impact in veterinary medicine.MedicalMycology,vol.43,no.sl, suppl.1,pp.7173.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/136937780400020 089.
47. Vasiliu, A., & Bruiana, D. (2010). Are birds a menace to outdoor monuments? International Journal of Conversation Science, 1: 83-92.
48. Vasconcellos, H.V.G., Silva, K.F.B., Montenegro, H., Miguel, CB., Tizioto, P., Agostinho, F., Araujo, MC., Ribas, R.M., Junior, VR., Batistao, DWF., Oliveria CJF. (2022). Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium isolated from pigeon droppings (Columba livia) in the external environment close to hospitals. Revista de Sociedade Brasileria de Medicina Tropical, 55.
2. Aguilar, C., Pujol, I., Sala, J., Guarro, J. (1998). Antifungal susceptibilities of Paecilomycesspecies. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, 142:1601–4. doi: 10.1128/aac.42.7.1601. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
3. Bhumbla U., Majumdar S., Jain S., Dalal AS. (2020) A study of isolation and identification of bacteria from lake water in and around Udaipur, Rajasthan. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 2020; 9:751-4.
4. Barron, M.A., Sutton, D.A., Veve, R., Guarro, J., Rinaldi, M., Thompson, E., Cagnoni, P.J., Moultney, K & Madinger, N.E. (2003). Invasive Mycotic Infections caused by Chaetomium perlucidum, a New Agent of Cerebral, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 41 (11) 5302-5307.
5. Balajee, S.A., Houbraken, J., Verweij, P.E, Hong, S.B, Yaghuchi, T, Varga, J., Samson, R.A. (2007). Aspergillus species identification in the clinical setting. Studies in Mycology, 59:39-46.
6. Bhowmic, N., Mia, M.M., & Rahman, MA. (2014). Morphometric measurements, productive and reproductive performance of Jalali pigeon. International Journal of Development Research, 4(4): 908-911.
7. Brown A.E. in: P.E. Reidy, J.S. Fornango (Eds.), (2005). Benson’s Microbiological Applications: Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology, McGraw-Hill, Inc, New York.
8. Catroxo, M.H.B., Martins, A.M.C.R.P.F., Petrella, S., Curi, N.A., Melo, N.A. (2011). Research of viral agents in free- living pigeon feces (Columba livia) in Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil for transmission electron microscopy. International journal of Morphology, 29(2):628-635.
9. Chang, WN., Huang, CR., Lei, P.Y., Chein, C.C., & Chang HW. (2004). Serotypes of clinical cerebrospinal fluid Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from Southern Taiwan and their in vitro susceptibilities to Amphotricin B, Fluconazole, and Voriconazole. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 57: 113-115.
10. Chee, H. Y., & Lee, K. B., (2005). Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A) from Pigeon Droppings in Seoul, Korea. The Journal of Microbiology, 43: 469-472.
11. Courville, P., Favennec, L., Viacroze, C., Barrel, A., Young, P., Abboud, P., et al., (2002). Coexistent cutaneous cryptococcosis of the forearm and cutaneous alternariosis of the leg in patient with metastatic thymoma. Journal of Cutaneous Pathology,29:558.doi:10.1046/j.03036987.2001.00035.x. [DOI][PubMed][GoogleScholar].
12. Coudert, P., Donas, E. (2015). Pigeon disease: Prevention of epidemics and transmission to humans. Actualites Pharmaceut,54: 48-51.
13. Dannaoui, E., Garcia-Hermoso, D. (2007). The Zygomycetes. In: Kavanagh K, editor. New insights in fungal pathogenicity. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science, pp. 159–83. [Google Scholar].
14. Dugan, F., (2006). The Identification of Fungi: An Illustrated Introduction. With key, Glossary, and Literature. The American Phytopathological Society.
15. Gaddeyya, G., Niharika, PS., Bharathi, P., & Kumar, PKR. (2012). Isolation and identification of soil mycoflora in different crop fields at Salur Mandal. Advance Applied Science and Research, 3:2020-2026.
16. Giunchi, D., Albores-Barajas, Y.V., N. Emilio Baldaccini., Vanni, L., & Soldatini, C. (2012). Feral pigeons: problems, dynamics and control methods. Integrated pest management and pest control - current and future tactics [Online]. Available: http://www.intechopen.com/books/integrated-pest-management-and-pest-control-current- - 64 - and-futuretactics/feral-pigeons-problems-dynamics-and-control-methods. [Accessed 4 June 2014].
17. Hamasha, A. M. S., Yildiran, S. T., Gonlum, A., Saracli, M. A., & Doganci, L. (2004). Cryptococcus neoformans varieties from material under the canopies of Eucalyptus trees and pigeon droppings in major cities in Jordan. Mycopathologia, 158, 195-199. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pigeo n_breeds
18. Haag-Wackernagel, D., & Moch, H. (2004). Health hazards posed by feral pigeons. Journal of Infection, 48: 307-313.
19. Herdt, P.D.E., Ducatelle, R., Haerebrouck, F., Derriese, C.A., Groote, B.D.E. & Roels, S. (1994). An unusual outbreak of Streptococcus bovis septicemia in racing pigeons (Columba livia). Veterinary Record, (21):42-43.
20. Holt, J.E., & Bergey, D.H. (1994). Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th edn Williams and Wilkins, London, UK.
21. Holt, JG., Krieg, PH., Sneath, J.T., Staley Willias, S.T. (1994). Bergeys manual of determinative bacteriology. 9. London: Williams and Wilkins.
22. Heddema, E.R., Sluis, S., Buys, J. A., Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C.M.J.E., van Wijnen, J.H. & Visserl, C. E. (2006). Prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci in fecal droppings from feral pigeons in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72 (6): 4423-4425.
23. Huang,C. P., & Lavernburg, G. (2011). Impacts of bird droppings and deicing salts on highway structures: Monitoring, Diagnosis, Prevention. Delaware: University of Delaware.
24. Johnston, R.F., & Janig, M. (1995). Feral pigeons. Oxford University press Inc, London. ISBN 10: 0195084098 ISBN 13: 9780195084092.
25. Kozdrun, W., Czekaj, H., Stys, N. (2015) Avian zoonoses- a zoonoses- a review. Bulletin of the veterinary Institute in Pulaway 59: 171-178.
26. Kwang, S. O., & Soo, M. H. (2005). Isolation and Characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans from Environmental Sources in Busan. Korean Society of Mycology,33: 188-19.
27. Levi, W. (1997). The Pigeon Sumter, S.C. Levi Publishing Company, Inc, p. 524.
28. Marques, S.M., Quadros, R.M, Da-Silva, C.J. & Baldo, M. (2007). Parasites of pigeons (Columba livia) in urban areas of langes, Southern Brazil. Parasitol Latinoam. 62: 183-187.
29. Magnino, S., Huang, C. P., & Lavernburg, G. (2011). Impacts of bird droppings and deicing salts on highway structures: Monitoring, Diagnosis, Prevention. Delaware: University of Delaware.
30. Mendes, J.F., Albano, A.P.N., Coimbra, M.A.A., Ferreira, G.F., Goncalves, C.L., Nascente, P.S., & Mello, J.R.B. (2015). Fungi isolated from the excreta of wild birds in screening centers in Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Revista do Instituto Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, 56(6): 525-8.
31. Millar, B. C., Xu, J. & Moore, J. E. (2007). Molecular Diagnostics of Medically Important Bacterial Infections. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 9: 21-403.
32. Nucci, M., & Anaissie, E. (2007). Fusarium Infections in Immunocompromised Patients. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 20:695–704. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00014-07. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
33. Nyakundi W.O. & Mwangi, W. (2011). Isolation and characterization of pathogenic bacteria and fungi from Leptoptilos Crumeniferus (Marabou Stock) droppings. Journal of Applied Technology in Environmental Sanitation, 1 9 3 - 10 6.
34. Odds, F.C. (1991). The Fungal Spore and Disease Initiation in Plants and Animals. New York: Springer. Potential for penetration of passive barriers to fungal invasion in humans, pp. 287–295. [Google Scholar].
35. Omoya, F.O., & K.O. Ajayi. (2016). Synergistic effect of combined antibiotics against some selected multidrug resistant human pathogenic bacteria isolated from poultry droppings in Akure, Nigeria, Advance in Microbiology. 6 (14) :1075.
36. Parija, S.C., & Prabhakar, P.K. (1995). Evaluation of lacto-phenol cotton blue for wet mount preparation of feces. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 33, 1019/1021
37. Parvez, MNH., Akter, MTD., & Sarder, MJU. (2016). Phenotypic characteristics and biometrical study of different breeds of pigeon in Northern Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 14(2):135-139.
38. Rajab, N. N., & Ramadan, N.A. (2023). Characterization and Isolation of Fungi from Domestic Pigeon Droppings in the Governorate of Erbil and its Suburban Area. AL-mukhtar journal of sciences 38(4):342-350.
39. Sari, B., Karatepe, B., Karatepe, M., & Kara, M. (2008). Parasites of domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) and wild (Columba livia livia) pigeons in Niğde, Turkey. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 52: 551-554.
40. Santos, H.M., Tasi, C.Y., Catulin, G.E.M., Trangia, K.C.G., Tayo, L.L., Liu, H.J., Chuang, K.P. (2020). Common bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases in Pigeon (Columba livia): A review of diagnostic and and treatment strategies. Veterinary Microbiology, 247,108779.
41. Shah, S.S., Birnbaum, BA., Jacobs, J.E. (2001). Disseminated aspergillosis inciting intestinal ischaemia and obstruction. British Journal of Radiology, 74:1145–7. doi: 10.1259/The British Journal of Radiology.74.888.741145. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
42. Soltani, M., Bayat, M., Hashemi, S.J., Zia, M., & Pestechian, N. (2013). Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans and other opportunistic fungi from pigeon droppings. Journal of Research Medical Science. Jan; 18(1): 56–60.
43.Tanaka, C., Miyazawa, T., Watarai, M. and Ishiguro, N. (2005). Bacteriologiological survey of feces from feral pigeons in Japan. Journal of veterinary Medical Science. 67(9): 951-953.
44. Thamidela Sirisha., Pinjari Aleem Basha & Bommana Kavitha. (2017). Isolation and characterization of pathogenic bacteria from Kundu river water of Nandyal, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India. J. Applied Sci., 17: 475-481.
45. Talazadeh, F., Ghorbanpoor, M., & Masoudinezhad, M. (2023). Phylogenetic analysis of pathogenic Candida spp. in domestic pigeons. Veterinary Research Forum, 14(8) 431- 436.
46.Tell, L.A. (2005). Asperhillosis in mammals and birds:impact in veterinary medicine.MedicalMycology,vol.43,no.sl, suppl.1,pp.7173.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/136937780400020 089.
47. Vasiliu, A., & Bruiana, D. (2010). Are birds a menace to outdoor monuments? International Journal of Conversation Science, 1: 83-92.
48. Vasconcellos, H.V.G., Silva, K.F.B., Montenegro, H., Miguel, CB., Tizioto, P., Agostinho, F., Araujo, MC., Ribas, R.M., Junior, VR., Batistao, DWF., Oliveria CJF. (2022). Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium isolated from pigeon droppings (Columba livia) in the external environment close to hospitals. Revista de Sociedade Brasileria de Medicina Tropical, 55.
Published
2024-12-20
How to Cite
Esakkiammal M, & Dr. Sheeba Rajakumari D V. (2024). Isolation And Identification Of Microorganisms From Homing Pigeon Droppings (Columba Livia Domestica). Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(2), 1402-1411. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v25i2.1822
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Articles
