Factors Influencing the Income of The Women Weavers in Manipur
Abstract
This study aims to analyse the factors influencing the income of the women weavers of Manipur, a state in India where weaving is a popular occupation.. The variables studied are age, marital status, education, location, category of weavers, type of looms used, training, number of families involved in weaving, method of sales, product type and experience. The data used is the primary data of 560 female weavers taken through interview methods. The data analysis method uses multiple regression analysis. The results of the study indicate that type of looms used, methods of sales, category of weavers, product type and number of family members involved in weaving have significant effects on the income of the weavers and the variables age, education, training, experience and location donot have significant impact on weavers income. The Government must impart appropriate training to the weavers so that they can weave expensive products, thereby increasing their earnings. They should initiate adequate measures to impart training for short-term courses and should bridge the requirements of marketing channels directly so that the weavers can sell more, thereby increasing their income. The government should provide loan facilities to weavers who want to undergo the adoption of technology to increase their earnings by shifting from handlooms to semi-automatic looms.
References
2. Bhowmik, M. R. (2021). SDGs, social responsibility, institutions and cooperatives: Evidence from the Handloom weaving sector in India. International Journal of Rural Management, 17(1), 97-114. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973005221991604
3. Bori, G. (2021). Factors affecting Handloom weaving practices among women weavers of Assam Economic Affairs, 66(4), 623-628. doi:10.46852/0424-2513.4.2021.15
4. Bortamuly, A.B., & Goswami, K. (2012). Factors Influencing Wage Structure of Handloom Workers in Assam. Journal of Rural Development, 3(12), 139-150.
5. Bortamuly, A.B., Goswami, K., & Hazarika, B. (2013). Determinants of occupational choice of workers in the handloom industry in Assam. International Journal of Social Economics, 40(12), 1041-1057. doi: 10.1108/ijse-03-2012-0042
6. Chingono, M. (2016). Women, the informal economy and the state in Lesotho. World Journal of Social Science Research, 3(4), 629. https://doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v3n4p629
7. Datt, G., & Ravallion, M. (1998). Farm productivity and rural poverty in India. Journal of Development Studies, 34(4), 62-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389808422529
8. Devi, C.V. (2013). Handlooms for Livelihood in North-Eastern Region: Problems and Prospects. Journal of Rural Development. 32(4), 427–438. Retrieved from https://nirdprojms.in/index.php/jrd/article/view/93328
9. Government of India. (2019-20). Fourth All India Handloom Census. Office of the Ministry of Textiles Government of India.
10. Greene, W.H. (2002).Econometric Analysis. (5th Edition).Prentice Hall
11. Gurumayum, R. (2015). Women in the informal sector in Manipur: A study of Imphal [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Manipur University.
12. Halvorsen,R. & Palmquist,R.(1980) . The Interpretation of Dummy variables in semilogarithmic equations. American Economic Review vol.70 No.3.474-475
13. Katz, L. F. (1986). Efficiency wage theories: A partial evaluation. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 1, 235-276. https://doi.org/10.1086/654025
14. Lakshmi, V. V, Deepika, J., & Devi M. G. (2019). Assessment of socio-economic status of Pochampally Ikat Handloom weavers. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(10), 573-579. doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2019.810.063
15. Meitei, M. H. (2000). Work, Health and Reproductive Behaviour of women in Manipur. International Institute for Population Science, Deemed University, Unpublished Thesis.
16. Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, experience and earnings. Nueva York, [N. Y.]: Columbia University press, 1974. 152. Estudios Demográficosy Urbanos, 9(01), 128. doi:10.24201/edu.v9i01.316
17. Ministry of Textiles. (2021-22). Annual report 2021-22. New Delhi: Ministry Of Textiles, Government of India. Retrieved from https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/annual-reports-year-wise-ministry
18. National Health Mission. (2019). Population Projection of India and States 2011-2036. Report of the technical group on Population Projections.
19. Ovwigho, B. O. (2014). Factors influencing involvement in Nonfarm income generating activities among local farmers: The case of Ughelli south local government area of delta state, Nigeria. Sustainable Agriculture Research, 3(1), 76. https://doi.org/10.5539/sar.v3n1p76
20. Romaguera, P. (1991). Wage differentials and efficiency wage models: Evidence from the Chilean economy. Working Paper #153 - March 1991. The Kellogg Institute for International Studies, 1-45.
21. Sreenivas, A. & Suman, K. (2016). Socio-Economic Conditions of Handloom Weavers-a study of Karimnagar district. International Journal of Business and Management Research, 4(1), 1-16.
22. Surayya, T., Bhaskar, N. U., & Devi P. U. (2015). Issues and challenges of Handloom weavers: A study in east Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. FIIB Business Review, 4(1), 64-79. Doi: 10.1177/2455265820150110.
23. Syafitri, W., Fitanto, B., Setyanti, A. M., & Izza, N. (2023). Income determinants of women in East Java's informal labor market: Microdata approach. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora, 12(3), 582-592. doi:10.23887/jish.v12i3.68965
24. Vasco, C. & Tamayo, G. N. (2017). Determinants of non-farm employment and non-farm earnings in Ecuador: Cristian Vasco and grace Natalie Tamayo. CEPAL Review, 2017(121), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.18356/80b76a5e-en
25. Zogli, L, Lawa, E., & Dlamini, B.I. (2019). Determinants of income in the informal sector: a case of selected slums in Ghana. International Journal of entrepreneurship, 1-10