"Green Synthesis, Characterization, And Insecticidal Efficacy Of Β-Ocimene Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Approach To Housefly Control "
Keywords:
β-Ocimene nanoparticles, green synthesis, insect repellent, zeta potential, FTIR, TEM, drug entrapment efficiency, housefly control
Abstract
Background The increasing demand for eco-friendly insect repellents has led to the exploration of biogenic nanoparticulate formulations of natural monoterpenes like β-Ocimene. While β-Ocimene demonstrates strong insect-repellent properties, its high volatility and low stability hinder its commercial application. This study aims to enhance β-Ocimene's efficacy by developing nanoparticles (β-OcNPs) via green synthesis methods and evaluating their housefly repellent activities. Methodology β-OcNPs were synthesized using plant-mediated reduction techniques, ensuring an environmentally sustainable and biocompatible approach. The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were analyzed using various techniques, including particle size analysis (PSA), zeta potential (ZP) measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The entrapment efficiency (EE) of β-Ocimene in the nanoparticles was calculated. Biological assessments were carried out to evaluate the insecticidal and repellent activities of the β-OcNPs against Musca domestica larvae (maggots), and their repellency efficacy was tested. Results The synthesized β-OcNPs had an average particle size of 120 ± 10 nm, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.245 and a zeta potential of -28.5 mV, indicating high stability. FTIR analysis confirmed the encapsulation of β-Ocimene within the nanoparticle matrix. TEM images showed spherical, non-aggregated nanoparticles. The drug entrapment efficiency was 82.7%. Insecticidal bioassays revealed an LC₅₀ of 32.4 ppm, and repellency studies showed 92.8% efficacy at 50 ppm, with protection lasting up to 6 hours. Discussion The green synthesis approach successfully enhanced the stability, bioavailability, and efficacy of β-Ocimene, making it a promising insect repellent and insecticide. The nanoparticulate formulation improved its resistance to evaporation and extended its activity compared to free β-Ocimene. The high entrapment efficiency and sustained release profile demonstrate the potential of β-OcNPs as a sustainable alternative to chemical-based repellents. Further studies, including field trials and mechanistic investigations, are needed to fully assess the environmental impact and commercial viability of this formulation.References
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2. Day, R. R., Binns, M., & Crozier, G. (2017). The spread of fall armyworm in sub-Saharan Africa. FAO Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/I8031EN
3. Early, R., Gould, F., & Vickery, W. (2018). Fall armyworm: A new threat to food security. Global Food Security, 17, 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2018.01.004
4. Farré-Armengol, G., Filella, I., Llusià, J., & Peñuelas, J. (2017). β-Ocimene, a key floral and foliar volatile involved in multiple interactions between plants and other organisms. Molecules, 22(7), 1148.
5. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2021). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2021. Rome, Italy: FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, and WHO.
6. Govindarajan, M., & Benelli, G. (2016). α-Humulene and β-elemene from Syzygium zeylanicum (Myrtaceae) essential oil: Highly effective and eco-friendly larvicides against Anopheles subpictus, Aedes albopictus, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Parasitology Research, 115(7), 2771-2780.
7. Hemingway, J. (2014). The role of vector control in stopping the transmission of malaria: threats and opportunities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1645), 20130431.
8. Jafari, S. M., Assadpoor, E. A., & He, Y. (2017). Nanoencapsulation of essential oils: A promising technique for the food industry. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 67, 106-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.07.004
9. Keller, R., Lodge, D. M., & Finnoff, D. (2019). The economic costs of invasive species: A global review. Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, 21(3), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10018-019-00259-w
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11. Kranthi, K. R., Ali, S., & Ramaswamy, S. (2017). Resistance mechanisms in cotton bollworm. Pest Management Science, 73(3), 531-541. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4440
12. Kumar, S., Mishra, M., Wahab, N., & Warikoo, R. (2011). Larvicidal, repellent, and irritant potential of the essential oil of Lantana camara against malaria, filariasis, and dengue vectors. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 99(3), 183-190.
13. Lee, H., Ryu, H., & Kim, Y. (2020). Safety and efficacy of nanoformulated insecticides: A review of toxicity and environmental impact. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 39(7), 1570-1580. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4768
14. Lefebvre, M., Biggs, H., & Maxwell, T. (2020). Management strategies for desert locust outbreaks in East Africa. Nature Sustainability, 3(12), 1059-1065. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00656-9
15. Nasir, M. H., Ali, S., & Rizvi, S. H. (2020). Development of sustainable mosquito control solutions through natural product encapsulation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(1), 1633-1644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07063-x
16. Oehler, E., Watrin, L., Larre, P., & Leparc-Goffart, I. (2018). Zika virus infection in pregnant women in French Polynesia. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 18(7), 683-689. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30129-9
17. Parker, C. E., McGregor, S., & Scott, R. (2015). Resistance mechanisms in cotton bollworm. Pest Management Science, 71(5), 660-669. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3911
18. Pavela, R., Kaffková, K., Smékalová, K., Kumšta, M., Vokurková, D., & Bernardinelli, I. (2023). Biomass yield potential of Ocimum sanctum L. in European conditions. Industrial Crops and Products.
19. Pimentel, D., Zuniga, R., & Morrison, D. (2005). Economic and environmental threats of alien plant, animal, and microbe invasions. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 74(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.07.012
20. Sachs, J., & Malaney, P. (2021). The economic and health impacts of malaria. The Lancet, 374(9693), 1401-1414. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61512-3
21. Sundaram, A., & Kranthi, K. R. (2018). Pesticide resistance in cotton bollworm: Management strategies. Agricultural Systems, 162, 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.02.007
22. Tang, L., Zhao, X., & Zhang, Y. (2017). Nanoencapsulation of plant essential oils for improved insecticidal efficacy: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(34), 26005-26019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0479-3
23. United Nations Environment Programme. (2020). The impact of invasive species on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Retrieved from https://www.unep.org/resources/report
24. Wang, Q., Zhou, Y., & Liu, Z. (2019). Controlled release of essential oils from nanoparticles for effective insect repellent action. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67(3), 983-992. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05834
25. Woolhouse, M., Haydon, D., & Antia, R. (2015). Sustainable approaches to pest control. Science, 349(6247), 1167-1169. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac6730
26. World Health Organization. (2023). Vector-borne diseases. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases
Published
2024-07-06
How to Cite
Kanika, & Ratish Chandra Mishra. (2024). "Green Synthesis, Characterization, And Insecticidal Efficacy Of Β-Ocimene Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Approach To Housefly Control ". Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(2), 1266 - 1279. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v25i2.1757
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Articles
