Herbal Formulations for The Antidiabetic Activity
Keywords:
medicinal plant, India, antidiabetic, diabetes
Abstract
Traditional Medicines derived from medicinal plants are used by about 60% of the world’s population. This review focuses on Indian Herbal drugs and plants used in the treatment of diabetes, especially in India. Diabetes is an important human ailment afflicting many from various walks of life in different countries. In India it is proving to be a major health problem, especially in the urban areas. Though there are various approaches to reduce the ill effects of diabetes and its secondary complications, herbal formulations are preferred due to lesser side effects and low cost. A list of medicinal plants with proven antidiabetic and related beneficial effects and of herbal drugs used in treatment of diabetes is compiled. One of the etiologic factors implicated in the development of diabetes and its complications is the damage induced by free radicals and hence an antidiabetic compound with antioxidant properties would be more beneficial.
References
[1] Grover, J.K., Yadav, S., and Vats, V.: Medicinal plants of India with antidiabetic potential. J. Ethnopharmacol., 81, 81–100, 2002.
[2] Scartezzini, P. and Sproni, E.: Review on some plants of Indian traditional medicine with antioxidant activity. J. Ethnopharmacol., 71, 23–43, 2000.
[3] Seth, S.D. and Sharma, B.: Medicinal plants of India. Indian J. Med. Res., 120, 9–11, 2004.
[4] Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C., and Viswanathan, V.: Burden of type 2 diabetes and its complications- the Indian scenario. Curr. Sci., 83, 1471–1476, 2002.
[5] Matteucci, E. and Giampietro, O.: Oxidative stress in families of type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care, 23, 1182–1186,2000.
[6] Oberlay, L.W.: Free radicals and diabetes. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 5, 113–124, 1988.
[7] Baynes, J.W. and Thorpe, S.R.: The role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol., 3, 277– 284, 1997.
[8] Lipinski, B.: Pathophysiology of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. J. Diabet. Complications, 15, 203–210, 2001.
[9] Kubish, H.M., Vang, J., Bray, T.M., and Phillips, J.P.: Targeted over expression of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase protects pancreatic beta cells against oxidative stress. Diabetes, 46, 1563–1566, 1997.
[10] Naziroglu, M. and Cay, M.: Protective role of intraperitoneally administered vitamin E and selenium on the oxidative defense mechanisms in rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin. Biol. Stress Elem. Res., 47, 475–488, 2001.
[11] Glugliano. D., Ceriello, A., and Paolisso, G.: Oxidative stress and diabetic vascular complications. Diabet. Care, 19, 257–267, 1996.
[12] Brownlee, M.: Advanced protein glycosylation in diabetes in diabetes and ageing. Ann. Rev. Med., 46, 223–234, 1996.
[13] Elgawish, A., Glomb, M., Friendlander, M., and Monnier, V.M.: Involvement of hydrogen peroxide in collagen cross- linking by high glucose in vitro and in vivo. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 12964–12971, 1999.
[14] Dey, L., Anoja, S.A., and Yuan, C-S.: Alternative therapies for type 2 diabetes. Alternative Med. Rev., 7, 45–58, 2002.
[15] Dixit, P.P., Londhe, J.S., Ghaskadbi, S.S., and Devasagayam, T.P.A.: Antidiabetic and related beneficial properties of Indian medicinal plants, in Herbal Drug Research- A twenty first century perspective, eds. By Sharma, R.K. and Arora, R., Jaypee brothers medical publishers (New Delhi, India) Limited, pp. 377–386, 2006.
[16] Wadood, A., Wadood, N., and Shah, S.A.: Effects of Acacia arabica and Caralluma edulis on blood glucose levels on normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. J. Pakistan Med. Assoc., 39, 208–212, 1989.
[17] Karunanayake, E.H., Welihinda, J., Sirimanne, S.R., and Sinnadorai, G.: Oral hypoglycemic activity of some medicinal plants of Sri Lanka. J. Ethnopharmacol., 11, 223–231, 1984.
[18] Roman-Ramos, R., Flores-Saenz, J.L., and Alaricon-Aguilar, F.J.: Antihyperglycemic effect of some edible plants. J. Ethnopharmacol., 48, 25–32, 1995.
[19] Kumari, K., Mathew, B.C., and Augusti, K.T.: Antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic effects of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isolated from Allium cepa Linn. Ind. J. Biochem. Biophys., 32, 49–54, 1995.
[20] Mathew, P.T. and Augusti, K.T.: Hypoglycemic effects of onion, Allium cepa Linn. on diabetes mellitus- a preliminary report. Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 19, 213–217, 1975.
[21] Sheela, C.G. and Augusti, K.T.: Antidiabetic effects of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide isolated from garlic Allium sativum Linn. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 30, 523–526, 1992.
[22] Bever, B.O. and Zahnd, G.R.: Plants with oral hypoglycemic action. Quart. J. Crude Drug Res., 17, 139–146, 1979.
[23] Zacharias, N.T., Sebastian, K.L., Philip, B., and Augusti, K.T.: Hypoglycemic and hypolipidaemic effects of garlic in sucrose fed rabbits. Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 24, 151– 154, 1980.
[24] Augusti, K.T. and Shella, C.G.: Antiperoxide effect of S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide, an insulin secretagogue in diabetic rats. Experientia, 52, 115–120, 1996.
[25] Al-Awadi, F.M. and Gumaa, K.A.: Studies on the activity of individual plants of an antidiabetic plant mixture. Acta Diabetologica, 24, 37–41, 1987.
[26] Ajabnoor, M.A.: Effect of aloes on blood glucose levels in normal and alloxan diabetic mice. J. Ethnopharmacol., 28, 215–220, 1990.
[27] Davis, R.H. and Maro, N.P.: Aloe vera and gibberellins, Anti-inflammatory activity in diabetes. J. Am. Pediat. Med. Assoc., 79, 24–26, 1989.
[28] Chattopadhyay, R.R., Chattopadhyay, R.N., Nandy, A.K., Poddar, G., and Maitra, S.K.: Preliminary report on anti- hyperglycemic effect of fraction of fresh leaves of Azadiracta indica (Beng neem). Bull. Calcutta. Sch. Trop. Med., 35, 29–33, 1987.
[29] Chattopadhyay, R.R., Chattopadhyay, R.N., Nandy, A.K., Poddar, G., and Maitra, S.K.: The effect of fresh leaves of Azadiracta indica on glucose uptake and glycogen content in the isolated rat hemidiaphragm. Bull. Calcutta. Sch. Trop. Med., 35, 8–12, 1987.
[30] Biswas, K., Chattopadhyay, I., Banerjee, R.K., and Bandyopadhyay, U.: Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadiracta indica). Curr. Sci., 82, 1336–1345, 2002.
[31] Chakrabarti, S., Biswas, T.K., Rokeya, B., Ali, L., Mosihuzzaman, M., Nahar, N., Khan, A.K., and Mukherjee, B.: Advanced studies on the hypoglycemic effect of Caesalpinia bonducella F. in type 1 and 2 diabetes in Long Evans rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 84, 41–46, 2003.
[32] Sharma, S.R., Dwivedi, S.K., and Swarup, D.: Hypo- glycemic, antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 58, 39–44, 1997.
[33] Kannur, D.M., Hukkeri, V.I., and Akki, K.S.: Antidiabetic activity of Caesalpinia bonducella seed extracts in rats. Fitoterapia. In press.
[34] Yadav, P., Sarkar, S., and Bhatnagar, D.: Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes and tissues in aged diabetic rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 35, 389–392, 1997.
[35] Agarwal, V. and Chauhan, B.M.: A study on composition and hypolipidemic effect of dietary fiber from some plant foods. Plant Foods Human Nutr., 38, 189–197, 1988.
[36] Kamble, S.M., Kamlakar, P.L., Vaidya, S., and Bambole, V.D.: Influence of Coccinia indica on certain enzymes in glycolytic and lipolytic pathway in human diabetes. Indian J. Med. Sci., 52, 143–146, 1998.
[37] Acherekar, S., Kaklij, G.S, Pote, M.S., and Kelkar, S.M.: Hypoglycemic activity of Eugenia jambolana and ficus bengalensis: mechanism of action. In vivo, 5, 143–147, 1991.
[38] Aderibigbe, A.O., Emudianughe, T.S., and Lawal, B.A.: Antihyperglycemic effect of Mangifera indica in rat. Phytother Res., 13, 504–507, 1999.
[39] Khanna, P., Jain, S.C., Panagariya, A., and Dixit, V.P.: Hypo- glycemic activity of polypeptide- p from a plant source. J. Nat. Prod., 44, 648–655, 1981.
[40] Shibib, B.A., Khan, L.A., and Rahman, R.: Hypoglycemic activity of Coccinia indica and Momordica charantia in diabetic rats: depression of the hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1, 6- biphosphatase and elevation of liver and red-cell shunt enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Biochem. J., 292, 267–270, 1993.
[41] Vats, V., Grover, J.K., and Rathi, S.S.: Evaluation of anti- hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effect of Trigonella foenum- graecum Linn, Ocimum sanctum Linn and Pterocarpus marsupium Linn in normal and alloxanized diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 79, 95–100, 2002.
[42] Rai, V., Iyer, U., and Mani, U.V.: Effect of Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf powder supplementation on blood sugar levels, serum lipids and tissue lipid in diabetic rats. Plant Food For Human Nutrition, 50, 9–16, 1997.
[43] Vats, V. and Yadav, S.P.: Grover, Ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves partially attenuates streptozotocin induced alteration in glycogen content and carbohydrate metabolism in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 90, 155–160, 2004.
[44] Raphael, K.R., Sabu, M.C., and Kuttan, R.: Hypoglycemic effect of methanol extract of Phyllanthus amarus on alloxan induced diabetes mellitus in rats and its relation with anti- oxidant potential. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 40, 905–909, 2002.
[45] Haranath, P.S.R.K., Ranganathrao, K., Anjaneyulu, C.R., and Ramnathan, J.D.: Studies on the hypoglycemic and pharmacological actions of some stilbenes. Ind. J. Medl. Sci., 12, 85–89, 1958.
[46] Joglekar, G.V., Chaudhary, N.Y., and Aiaman, R.: Effect of Indian medicinal plants on glucose absorption in mice. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 3, 76–77, 1959.
[47] Chakravarty, B.K., Gupta, S., Gambhir, S.S., and Gode, K.D.: Pancreatic beta cell regeneration. A novel anti- diabetic mechanism of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Ind.
J. Pharmacol., 12, 123–127, 1980.
[48] Jahromi, M.A., Ray, A.B., and Chansouria, J.P.N.: Anti- hyperlipidemic effect of flavonoids from Pterocarpus marsupium. J. Nat. Prod., 56, 989–994, 1993.
[49] Ahmad, F., Khalid, P., Khan, M.M., Rastogi, A.K., and Kidwai, J.R.: Insulin like activity in (−) epicatechin. Acta. Diabetol. Lat., 26, 291–300, 1989.
[50] Sauvaire, Y., Petit, P., Broca, C., Manteghetti, M., Baissac, Y., Fernandez-Alvarez, J., Gross, R., Roy, M., Leconte, A., Gomis, R., and Ribes, G.: 4-hydroxyisoleucine: a novel amino acid potentiator of insulin secretion. Diabetes, 47, 206–210, 1998.
[51] Khosla, P., Gupta, D.D., and Nagpal, R.K.: Effect of Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) on blood glucose in normal and diabetic rats. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 39, 173–174, 1995.
[52] Gupta, D., Raju, J., and Baquer, N.Z.: Modulation of some gluconeogenic enzyme activities in diabetic rat liver and kidney: effect of antidiabetic compounds. Indian J. Expt. Biol., 37, 196–199, 1999.
[53] Ravikumar, P. and Anuradha, C.V.: Effect of fenugreek seeds on blood lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in diabetic rats. Phytother. Res., 13, 197–201, 1999.
[54] Dixit, P.P., Ghaskadbi, S.S., Hari M., and Devasagayam, T.P.A.: Antioxidant properties of germinated fenugreek seeds. Phytother. Res., 19, 977–983, 2005.
[55] Stanely, P., Prince, M., and Menon, V.P.: Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic action of alcohol extract of Tinospora cordifolia roots in chemical induced diabetes in rats Phytother. Res., 17, 410–413, 2003.
[56] Stanely, M., Prince, P., and Menon, V.P.: Antioxidant action of Tinospora cordifolia root extract in alloxan diabetic rats. Phytother. Res., 15, 213–218, 2001.
[57] Price, P.S. and Menon, V.P.: Antioxidant activity of Tinospora cordifolia roots in experimental diabetes. J. Ethnopharmacol., 65, 277–281, 1999.
[58] Mathew, S. and Kuttan, G.: Antioxidant activity of Tinospora cordifolia and its usefulness in the amelioration of cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer. Res., 16, 407–411, 1997.
[59] Dhaliwal, K.S.: Method and composition for treatment of diabetes. US Patent 5886029, 1999.
[60] Gupta, S.S., Varma, S.C.L., Garg, V.P., and Rai, M.: Anti- diabetic effect of Tinospora cordifolia. I. Effect on fasting blood sugar level, glucose tolerence and adrenaline induced hyperglycemia. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 55, 733–745, 1967.
[2] Scartezzini, P. and Sproni, E.: Review on some plants of Indian traditional medicine with antioxidant activity. J. Ethnopharmacol., 71, 23–43, 2000.
[3] Seth, S.D. and Sharma, B.: Medicinal plants of India. Indian J. Med. Res., 120, 9–11, 2004.
[4] Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C., and Viswanathan, V.: Burden of type 2 diabetes and its complications- the Indian scenario. Curr. Sci., 83, 1471–1476, 2002.
[5] Matteucci, E. and Giampietro, O.: Oxidative stress in families of type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care, 23, 1182–1186,2000.
[6] Oberlay, L.W.: Free radicals and diabetes. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 5, 113–124, 1988.
[7] Baynes, J.W. and Thorpe, S.R.: The role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol., 3, 277– 284, 1997.
[8] Lipinski, B.: Pathophysiology of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. J. Diabet. Complications, 15, 203–210, 2001.
[9] Kubish, H.M., Vang, J., Bray, T.M., and Phillips, J.P.: Targeted over expression of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase protects pancreatic beta cells against oxidative stress. Diabetes, 46, 1563–1566, 1997.
[10] Naziroglu, M. and Cay, M.: Protective role of intraperitoneally administered vitamin E and selenium on the oxidative defense mechanisms in rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin. Biol. Stress Elem. Res., 47, 475–488, 2001.
[11] Glugliano. D., Ceriello, A., and Paolisso, G.: Oxidative stress and diabetic vascular complications. Diabet. Care, 19, 257–267, 1996.
[12] Brownlee, M.: Advanced protein glycosylation in diabetes in diabetes and ageing. Ann. Rev. Med., 46, 223–234, 1996.
[13] Elgawish, A., Glomb, M., Friendlander, M., and Monnier, V.M.: Involvement of hydrogen peroxide in collagen cross- linking by high glucose in vitro and in vivo. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 12964–12971, 1999.
[14] Dey, L., Anoja, S.A., and Yuan, C-S.: Alternative therapies for type 2 diabetes. Alternative Med. Rev., 7, 45–58, 2002.
[15] Dixit, P.P., Londhe, J.S., Ghaskadbi, S.S., and Devasagayam, T.P.A.: Antidiabetic and related beneficial properties of Indian medicinal plants, in Herbal Drug Research- A twenty first century perspective, eds. By Sharma, R.K. and Arora, R., Jaypee brothers medical publishers (New Delhi, India) Limited, pp. 377–386, 2006.
[16] Wadood, A., Wadood, N., and Shah, S.A.: Effects of Acacia arabica and Caralluma edulis on blood glucose levels on normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. J. Pakistan Med. Assoc., 39, 208–212, 1989.
[17] Karunanayake, E.H., Welihinda, J., Sirimanne, S.R., and Sinnadorai, G.: Oral hypoglycemic activity of some medicinal plants of Sri Lanka. J. Ethnopharmacol., 11, 223–231, 1984.
[18] Roman-Ramos, R., Flores-Saenz, J.L., and Alaricon-Aguilar, F.J.: Antihyperglycemic effect of some edible plants. J. Ethnopharmacol., 48, 25–32, 1995.
[19] Kumari, K., Mathew, B.C., and Augusti, K.T.: Antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic effects of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isolated from Allium cepa Linn. Ind. J. Biochem. Biophys., 32, 49–54, 1995.
[20] Mathew, P.T. and Augusti, K.T.: Hypoglycemic effects of onion, Allium cepa Linn. on diabetes mellitus- a preliminary report. Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 19, 213–217, 1975.
[21] Sheela, C.G. and Augusti, K.T.: Antidiabetic effects of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide isolated from garlic Allium sativum Linn. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 30, 523–526, 1992.
[22] Bever, B.O. and Zahnd, G.R.: Plants with oral hypoglycemic action. Quart. J. Crude Drug Res., 17, 139–146, 1979.
[23] Zacharias, N.T., Sebastian, K.L., Philip, B., and Augusti, K.T.: Hypoglycemic and hypolipidaemic effects of garlic in sucrose fed rabbits. Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 24, 151– 154, 1980.
[24] Augusti, K.T. and Shella, C.G.: Antiperoxide effect of S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide, an insulin secretagogue in diabetic rats. Experientia, 52, 115–120, 1996.
[25] Al-Awadi, F.M. and Gumaa, K.A.: Studies on the activity of individual plants of an antidiabetic plant mixture. Acta Diabetologica, 24, 37–41, 1987.
[26] Ajabnoor, M.A.: Effect of aloes on blood glucose levels in normal and alloxan diabetic mice. J. Ethnopharmacol., 28, 215–220, 1990.
[27] Davis, R.H. and Maro, N.P.: Aloe vera and gibberellins, Anti-inflammatory activity in diabetes. J. Am. Pediat. Med. Assoc., 79, 24–26, 1989.
[28] Chattopadhyay, R.R., Chattopadhyay, R.N., Nandy, A.K., Poddar, G., and Maitra, S.K.: Preliminary report on anti- hyperglycemic effect of fraction of fresh leaves of Azadiracta indica (Beng neem). Bull. Calcutta. Sch. Trop. Med., 35, 29–33, 1987.
[29] Chattopadhyay, R.R., Chattopadhyay, R.N., Nandy, A.K., Poddar, G., and Maitra, S.K.: The effect of fresh leaves of Azadiracta indica on glucose uptake and glycogen content in the isolated rat hemidiaphragm. Bull. Calcutta. Sch. Trop. Med., 35, 8–12, 1987.
[30] Biswas, K., Chattopadhyay, I., Banerjee, R.K., and Bandyopadhyay, U.: Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadiracta indica). Curr. Sci., 82, 1336–1345, 2002.
[31] Chakrabarti, S., Biswas, T.K., Rokeya, B., Ali, L., Mosihuzzaman, M., Nahar, N., Khan, A.K., and Mukherjee, B.: Advanced studies on the hypoglycemic effect of Caesalpinia bonducella F. in type 1 and 2 diabetes in Long Evans rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 84, 41–46, 2003.
[32] Sharma, S.R., Dwivedi, S.K., and Swarup, D.: Hypo- glycemic, antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 58, 39–44, 1997.
[33] Kannur, D.M., Hukkeri, V.I., and Akki, K.S.: Antidiabetic activity of Caesalpinia bonducella seed extracts in rats. Fitoterapia. In press.
[34] Yadav, P., Sarkar, S., and Bhatnagar, D.: Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes and tissues in aged diabetic rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 35, 389–392, 1997.
[35] Agarwal, V. and Chauhan, B.M.: A study on composition and hypolipidemic effect of dietary fiber from some plant foods. Plant Foods Human Nutr., 38, 189–197, 1988.
[36] Kamble, S.M., Kamlakar, P.L., Vaidya, S., and Bambole, V.D.: Influence of Coccinia indica on certain enzymes in glycolytic and lipolytic pathway in human diabetes. Indian J. Med. Sci., 52, 143–146, 1998.
[37] Acherekar, S., Kaklij, G.S, Pote, M.S., and Kelkar, S.M.: Hypoglycemic activity of Eugenia jambolana and ficus bengalensis: mechanism of action. In vivo, 5, 143–147, 1991.
[38] Aderibigbe, A.O., Emudianughe, T.S., and Lawal, B.A.: Antihyperglycemic effect of Mangifera indica in rat. Phytother Res., 13, 504–507, 1999.
[39] Khanna, P., Jain, S.C., Panagariya, A., and Dixit, V.P.: Hypo- glycemic activity of polypeptide- p from a plant source. J. Nat. Prod., 44, 648–655, 1981.
[40] Shibib, B.A., Khan, L.A., and Rahman, R.: Hypoglycemic activity of Coccinia indica and Momordica charantia in diabetic rats: depression of the hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1, 6- biphosphatase and elevation of liver and red-cell shunt enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Biochem. J., 292, 267–270, 1993.
[41] Vats, V., Grover, J.K., and Rathi, S.S.: Evaluation of anti- hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effect of Trigonella foenum- graecum Linn, Ocimum sanctum Linn and Pterocarpus marsupium Linn in normal and alloxanized diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 79, 95–100, 2002.
[42] Rai, V., Iyer, U., and Mani, U.V.: Effect of Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf powder supplementation on blood sugar levels, serum lipids and tissue lipid in diabetic rats. Plant Food For Human Nutrition, 50, 9–16, 1997.
[43] Vats, V. and Yadav, S.P.: Grover, Ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves partially attenuates streptozotocin induced alteration in glycogen content and carbohydrate metabolism in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 90, 155–160, 2004.
[44] Raphael, K.R., Sabu, M.C., and Kuttan, R.: Hypoglycemic effect of methanol extract of Phyllanthus amarus on alloxan induced diabetes mellitus in rats and its relation with anti- oxidant potential. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 40, 905–909, 2002.
[45] Haranath, P.S.R.K., Ranganathrao, K., Anjaneyulu, C.R., and Ramnathan, J.D.: Studies on the hypoglycemic and pharmacological actions of some stilbenes. Ind. J. Medl. Sci., 12, 85–89, 1958.
[46] Joglekar, G.V., Chaudhary, N.Y., and Aiaman, R.: Effect of Indian medicinal plants on glucose absorption in mice. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 3, 76–77, 1959.
[47] Chakravarty, B.K., Gupta, S., Gambhir, S.S., and Gode, K.D.: Pancreatic beta cell regeneration. A novel anti- diabetic mechanism of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Ind.
J. Pharmacol., 12, 123–127, 1980.
[48] Jahromi, M.A., Ray, A.B., and Chansouria, J.P.N.: Anti- hyperlipidemic effect of flavonoids from Pterocarpus marsupium. J. Nat. Prod., 56, 989–994, 1993.
[49] Ahmad, F., Khalid, P., Khan, M.M., Rastogi, A.K., and Kidwai, J.R.: Insulin like activity in (−) epicatechin. Acta. Diabetol. Lat., 26, 291–300, 1989.
[50] Sauvaire, Y., Petit, P., Broca, C., Manteghetti, M., Baissac, Y., Fernandez-Alvarez, J., Gross, R., Roy, M., Leconte, A., Gomis, R., and Ribes, G.: 4-hydroxyisoleucine: a novel amino acid potentiator of insulin secretion. Diabetes, 47, 206–210, 1998.
[51] Khosla, P., Gupta, D.D., and Nagpal, R.K.: Effect of Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) on blood glucose in normal and diabetic rats. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 39, 173–174, 1995.
[52] Gupta, D., Raju, J., and Baquer, N.Z.: Modulation of some gluconeogenic enzyme activities in diabetic rat liver and kidney: effect of antidiabetic compounds. Indian J. Expt. Biol., 37, 196–199, 1999.
[53] Ravikumar, P. and Anuradha, C.V.: Effect of fenugreek seeds on blood lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in diabetic rats. Phytother. Res., 13, 197–201, 1999.
[54] Dixit, P.P., Ghaskadbi, S.S., Hari M., and Devasagayam, T.P.A.: Antioxidant properties of germinated fenugreek seeds. Phytother. Res., 19, 977–983, 2005.
[55] Stanely, P., Prince, M., and Menon, V.P.: Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic action of alcohol extract of Tinospora cordifolia roots in chemical induced diabetes in rats Phytother. Res., 17, 410–413, 2003.
[56] Stanely, M., Prince, P., and Menon, V.P.: Antioxidant action of Tinospora cordifolia root extract in alloxan diabetic rats. Phytother. Res., 15, 213–218, 2001.
[57] Price, P.S. and Menon, V.P.: Antioxidant activity of Tinospora cordifolia roots in experimental diabetes. J. Ethnopharmacol., 65, 277–281, 1999.
[58] Mathew, S. and Kuttan, G.: Antioxidant activity of Tinospora cordifolia and its usefulness in the amelioration of cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer. Res., 16, 407–411, 1997.
[59] Dhaliwal, K.S.: Method and composition for treatment of diabetes. US Patent 5886029, 1999.
[60] Gupta, S.S., Varma, S.C.L., Garg, V.P., and Rai, M.: Anti- diabetic effect of Tinospora cordifolia. I. Effect on fasting blood sugar level, glucose tolerence and adrenaline induced hyperglycemia. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 55, 733–745, 1967.
Published
2024-09-14
How to Cite
Bandhana, Dr. Abdul Wadood Siddiqui, & Shoket Ali. (2024). Herbal Formulations for The Antidiabetic Activity. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, 25(2), 1029-1035. https://doi.org/10.69980/redvet.v25i2.1673
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